ISSN: 1052-5378 United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library 10301 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 Conservation Tillage January 1991 - December 1993 QB 94-13 Quick Bibliography Series Bibliographies in the Quick Bibliography Series of the National Agricultural Library, are intended primarily for current awareness, and as the title of the series implies, are not indepth exhaustive bibliographies on any given subject. However, the citations are a substantial resource for recent investigations on a given topic. They also serve the purpose of bringing the literature of agriculture to the interested user who, in many cases, could not access it by any other means. The bibliographies are derived from computerized on-line searches of the AGRICOLA data base. Timeliness of topic and evidence of extensive interest are the selection criteria. The author/searcher determines the purpose, length, and search strategy of the Quick Bibliography. 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Conservation Tillage January 1991 - December 1993 Quick Bibliography Series: QB 94-13 Updates QB 92-02 338 citations in English from AGRICOLA Jane Potter Gates Alternative Farming Systems Information Center March 1994 National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: Gates, Jane Potter Conservation tillage. (Quick bibliography series ; 94-13) 1. Conservation tillage--Bibliography. 2. No-tillage--Bibliography. 3. Tillage--Bibliography. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no.94-13 The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office of Communications at (202) 720-5881 (voice) or (202) 720-7808 (TDD). To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250, or call (202) 720-7327 (voice) or (202) 720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer. AGRICOLA Citations in this bibliography were entered in the AGRICOLA database between January 1979 and the present. SAMPLE CITATIONS Citations in this bibliography are from the National Agricultural Library's AGRICOLA database. An explanation of sample journal article, book, and audiovisual citations appears below. JOURNAL ARTICLE: Citation # NAL Call No. Article title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher. Journal Title. Date. Volume (Issue). Pages. (NAL Call Number). Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL 389.8.SCH6 Morrison, S.B. Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service Association. School foodservice journal. Sept 1987. v. 41 (8). p.48-50. ill. BOOK: Citation # NAL Call Number Title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Information on pagination, indices, or bibliographies. Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL RM218.K36 1987 Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition. Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987. Includes index. xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Bibliography: p. 126. AUDIOVISUAL: Citation # NAL Call Number Title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Supplemental information such as funding. Media format (i.e., videocassette): Description (sound, color, size). Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV All aboard the nutri-train. Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools, 1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. + activity packet. Conservation Tillage January 1991 - December 1993 SEARCH STRATEGY Set Items Description --- ----- ----------- S1 2948 MINIMUM S2 9702 TILL? S3 671 MINIMUM(W)TILL? S4 49812 NO S5 9702 TILL? S6 1736 NO(W)TILL? S7 1029 ZERO S8 9702 TILL? S9 85 ZERO(W)TILL? S10 11508 REDUCED S11 9702 TILL? S12 251 REDUCED(W)TILL? S13 17950 NON S14 9702 TILL? S15 24 NON(W)TILL? S16 2468 MINIMUM()TILL? OR NO()TILL? OR ZERO()TILL? OR REDUCED()TILL? OR NON()TILL? S17 4881 REDUCING S18 722 MULCH S19 146 CHISEL S20 313 S2 AND (REDUCING OR MULCH OR CHISEL) S21 2634 S16 OR S20 S22 28398 CONSERVATION S23 9702 TILL? S24 1046 CONSERVATION(W)TILL? S25 3282 S21 OR CONSERVATION(W)TILL? S26 764 SOD S27 887 SEEDED S28 27 SOD(W)SEEDED S29 764 SOD S30 1677 SEEDING S31 27 SOD(W)SEEDING S32 3329 S25 OR (SOD()SEEDED OR SOD()SEEDING) S33 849 RIDGE S34 9702 TILL? S35 86 RIDGE(W)TILL? S36 3362 S32 OR RIDGE()TILL? S37 5341 GROUNDWATER S38 80467 WATER S39 1547 AQUIFER? S40 81640 GROUNDWATER OR WATER OR AQUIFER? S41 2841 S36 NOT S40 S42 2550 S41/ENG,TI,DE S43 170983 PY=1991 : PY=1993 S44 345 S42 AND PY=1991:1993 Conservation Tillage 1 NAL Call. No.: S604.N57 1991 1991 North American conservation tillage clubs and associations a directory. Conservation Technology Information Center West Lafayette, IN (1220 Potter Drive, Room 170, Purdue Research Park) : CTIC,; 1991. 12 leaves ; 28 cm. Cover title. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage 2 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 N272EX A 1992 guide for--herbicide use in Nebraska. Lincoln, Neb. : The Service; 1992. EC - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Nebraska (92-130): 51 p.; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nebraska; Weed control; Herbicides; Weeds; Herbicide resistance; Conservation tillage 3 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.M7M5 Agricultural management practices: reducing runoff and sediment production. Peeples, J.L. Starkville, Miss. : The Service; 1991 Jul. Information sheet - Mississippi State University, Cooperative Extension Service (1450): 2 p.; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Erosion; Conservation tillage; Runoff; Geological sedimentation 4 NAL Call. No.: S601.A34 Agroecosystem management effects on soil carbon and nitrogen. Wood, C.W.; Edwards, J.H. Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1992 Apr. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment v. 39 (3/4): p. 123-138; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Alabama; Tillage; Conservation tillage; Continuous cropping; Rotations; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays; Glycine max; Soil fertility; Nitrogen; Carbon; Soil organic matter; Crop residues; Mineralization; Nutrient availability; Soil depth; Biological activity in soil; Subtropics 5 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Agronomic evaluation of fertilizer placement methods for no-tillage sorghum in vertisol clays. Chichester, F.W.; Morrison, J.E. Jr Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jul. Journal of production agriculture v. 5 (3): p. 378-382; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Sorghum bicolor; No-tillage; Conservation tillage; Placement; Fertilizer distributors; Subsurface application; Surface treatment; Surface modification; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Nutrient uptake; Use efficiency; Leaves; Nutrient content; Crop yield; Grain; Seasonal variation 6 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C35 Agronomic practices and common root rot in spring wheat: effect of tillage on disease and inoculum density of Cochliobolus sativus in soil. Tinline, R.D.; Spurr, D.T. Guelph, Ont. : Canadian Phytopathological Society; 1991. Canadian journal of plant pathology; Revue Canadienne de phytopathologie v. 13 (3): p. 258-266; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saskatchewan; Triticum aestivum; Root rots; Cochliobolus sativus; Disease prevalence; Tillage; No-tillage; Rotations; Summer fallow; Fusarium culmorum; Inoculum density 7 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 N814 Alfalfa and orchardgrass control in no-till corn. Hartwig, N.L. College Park, Md. : The Society; 1991. Proceedings of the annual meeting - Northeastern Weed Science Society v. 45: p. 33-38; 1991. Meeting held January 8-10, 1991, Baltimore, Maryland. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Weed control; No-tillage; Chemical control; Crop plants as weeds; Medicago sativa; Dactylis glomerata 8 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Alternative crop prospects in western Nebraska. Plett, S.; Nelson, L.A.; Clegg, M.D. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Apr. Journal of production agriculture v. 4 (2): p. 162-166; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nebraska; Crop management; Grain crops; Rowcrops; Field crops; Summer fallow; Rotations; No-tillage; Tillage; Profits; Returns; Farm inputs; Variable costs; Fixed costs; Total digestible nutrients; Nutrient content 9 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 SO8 (P) Alternative weed control in low input reduced tillage cropping systems. Janke, R.R. Raleigh, N.C. : The Society :.; 1991. Proceedings - Southern Weed Science Society v. 44: p. 40-41; 1991. Paper presented at the meeting on "Perception: Fact or Fiction", held January 14-16, 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Language: English Descriptors: Weed control; Tillage; Cropping systems 10 NAL Call. No.: S541.5.W2R47 Amber waves: a sourcebook for sustainable dryland farming in the northwestern United States. Granatstein, D. Pullman, Wash. : The Center; 1992. Research bulletin XB - Washington State University, Agricultural Research Center (1025): 82 p.; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Washington; Oregon; Mountain states of U.S.A.; Dry farming; Sustainability; Triticum aestivum; Conservation tillage; Agroclimatology; Rotations; Grain crops; Brassica; Resource materials 11 NAL Call. No.: HD1781.W67 no.91/05 An analyses of yield and net return distributions for conventional and conservation tillage practices in southw estern Ontario. Ker, Alan Guelph, Ont. : Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Business, University of Guelph,; 1991. 17, [10] p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (Working paper / Department of Agricultural Economics and Business, University of Guelph ; 91/05). February 1991. Includes bibliographical references (p. 14-15). Language: English 12 NAL Call. No.: 420 K13 Aphid predators associated with conventional- and conservation-tillage winter wheat. Rice, M.E.; Wilde, G.E. Lawrence, Kan. : The Society; 1991 Jul. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society v. 64 (3): p. 245-250; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Schizaphis graminum; Hippodamia convergens; Coleomegilla maculata; Coccinella septempunctata; Scymnus; Chrysopa; Nabis; Araneae; Predators of insect pests; Population density; Conservation tillage; Minimum tillage; No-tillage 13 NAL Call. No.: SB193.F59 Are herbicides necessary for alfalfa establishment?: Results from studies with conventional and no-till alfalfa. Brothers, B.A.; Hesterman, O.B. Columbia, Mo. : American Forage and Grassland Council; 1991. Proceedings of the Forage and Grassland Conference. p. 157-161; 1991. Meeting held April 1-4, 1991, Columbia, Missouri. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Stand establishment; Herbicides; No-tillage; Tillage; Crop density 14 NAL Call. No.: S530.J6 Area conservation tillage meetings--a successful educational program. Dickey, E.C.; Jasa, P.J.; Shelton, D.P.; Grisso, R.D.; Glewen, K. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991. Journal of agronomic education v. 20 (2): p. 115-119; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nebraska; Conservation tillage; Educational programs; Program development; Program effectiveness; Plan implementation and evaluation; Cooperative extension service 15 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Autumn sward suppression and insect control effects on late-winter no-till establishment of ladino clover. Zarnstorff, M.E.; Chamblee, D.S.; Mueller, J.P.; Campbell, W.V. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Nov. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy v. 84 (6): p. 983-987; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Festuca arundinacea; Paraquat; Site preparation; Winter; Sowing date; Crop establishment; Trifolium repens; No-tillage; Sowing methods; Insect pests; Slugs; Chemical control; Insect control; Pest control Abstract: Ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.) has traditionally been established in the autumn in the southeastern USA. Grass suppression and insect control have proven beneficial for successful autumn no-till establishment. Winter planting offers an alternative, yet little is known about late winter grass suppression and insect or mollusk control. Herbicide applied at planting in late winter usually failed to suppress or kill cool-season grasses. Field studies were conducted to evaluate (i) the influence of fall suppression or kill with paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4-4' bipyridinium ion) of the tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) sward on late-winter (February or March) no-till establishment of ladino clover, (ii) establishment by drilling versus surface planting and (iii) the influence of suppression of insect and/or mollusk populations on the late-winter no-till establishment of ladino clover into tall fescue. Initial late winter no-till clover densities were 30% greater for the March as compared to February planting (three experiment average). Drill planting of clover resulted in 2.1 times greater initial clover density (four experiment average) and 1.9 times more clover yield than surface planting (three experiment average). Application of paraquat to tall fescue in bands (13 cm) in mid-October resulted in essentially complete grass kill with the bands. Neither autumn grass suppression nor the use of insecticide or molluscicide altered clover density or stand. Late-winter, no-till establishment provides an alternative to fall establishment. Our results indicate that fall chemical suppression of grass swards is not necessary for successful late-winter establishment of ladino clover. 16 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Banded herbicide applications and cultivation in a modified no-till corn (Zea mays) system. Eadie, A.G.; Swanton, C.J.; Shaw, J.E.; Anderson, G.W. Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 6 (3): p. 535-542; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Zea mays; Cultivars; No-tillage; Atrazine; Metolachlor; Herbicide mixtures; Application rates; Band placement; Broadcasting; Interrow cultivation; Integrated pest management; Weed control; Weeds; Biomass production; Crop yield 17 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM3Ps (IR) Beginning of motion for selected unanchored residue materials. Gilley, J.E.; Kottwitz, E.R. New York, N.Y. : American Society of Civil Engineers, c1983-; 1992 Jul. Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering v. 118 (4): p. 619-630; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage; Crop residues; Movement in soil; Overland flow; Erosion; Hydraulics; Regression analysis 18 NAL Call. No.: 464.8 P56 Biological control to reduce inoculum of the tan spot pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in surface-borne residues of wheat fields. Pfender, W.F.; Zhang, W.; Nus, A. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1993 Apr. Phytopathology v. 83 (4): p. 371-375; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kansas; Triticum; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis; Plant pathogenic fungi; Biological control agents; Pithomyces chartarum; Basidiomycotina; Aphyllophorales; Cultural control; Crop residues; Conservation tillage Abstract: Field plots of conservation-tillage wheat straw naturally infested with Pyrenophora tritici-repentis were treated with bran-based inoculum of three potential biocontrol fungi, and reduction in the number of residue-borne pseudothecia (primary inoculum of the pathogen) was determined. Limonomyces roseipellis significantly reduced residue-borne primary inoculum of P. tritici-repentis in 3 of 4 yr of experiments; an unidentified agonomycete was effective in two of three experiments, but Laetisaria arvalis was ineffective. Although L. roseipellis reduced inoculum by 60-80%, greater reductions would be necessary for acceptable control of this disease. Retention of dry bran-based inoculum on straw was enhanced by the use of alginate, but further improvements in formulation and application methods are required for effective biocontrol of pathogens in surface-borne crop residues. 19 NAL Call. No.: 100 M69MI Blackbelt prairie soil subject of cropping study. Mississippi State, Miss. : The Station; 1992 Apr. MAFES research highlights - Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station v. 55 (4): p. 4; 1992 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Prairies; Prairie soils; Erosion; No-tillage; Tillage 20 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27PN Blackgrass Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. Aldrich-Markham, S. Corvallis, Or. : The Service; 1992 Jan. PNW - Pacific Northwest Extension Publication, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho State Universities, Cooperative Extension Service (377): 4 p.; 1992 Jan. In Subseries: Weeds. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Washington; Oregon; Alopecurus myosuroides; Weed control; No-tillage; Cultural control; Plowing; Herbicides 21 NAL Call. No.: aS622.S6 Buffer strips, conservation tillage pay off. Gillespie, M. Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1992 Jan. Soil & water conservation news - U.S. Deptartment of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service v. 12 (5): p. 7; 1992 Jan. Language: English Descriptors: Alabama; Conservation tillage; Erosion control; Gossypium 22 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Bulk density of a sandy loam: traffic, tillage, and irrigation-method effects. Meek, B.D.; Rechel, E.R.; Carter, L.M.; DeTar, W.R. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1992 Mar. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 56 (2): p. 562-565; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Sandy loam soils; Soil density; Bulk density; Trafficability; Soil compaction; Chiselling; Resistance to penetration; Infiltration; Trickle irrigation; Flood irrigation; Furrows Abstract: Modern crop production creates a cycle between soil compaction caused by traffic and alleviation of this condition by tillage or natural processes such as freezing and thawing. The objective of this study was to evaluate important management practices as they relate to changes in bulk density of a tilled sandy loam soil. Practices evaluated were irrigation method, time between tillage and traffic, tire pressure and wheel load of applied traffic, and controlled traffic. Relationships among bulk density, penetration resistance, and infiltration rate were determined. Experiments were conducted in the San Joaquin Valley of California, on a sandy loam soil (Entisol) with an organic-matter content of < 1%. After tillage, settling and trafficking of a soil resulted in rapid changes in its bulk density until a new equilibrium was reached. Tire pressure of 408 kPa and wheel weight of 2724 kg applied at moisture contents near field capacity resulted in a bulk density of 1.92 Mg m-3, compared with a value of 1.67 for no traffic. The time interval between tillage and traffic did not affect final bulk density. Drip irrigation, which did not saturate the soil, resulted in a bulk density of approximately 0.1 Mg m-3 lower than flood irrigation, which saturated the soil surface. Wheel traffic in the furrow resulted in only small changes in the bulk density within the row. When tillage did not occur between cropping seasons, traffic caused high bulk densities in the furrow but only small changes in the row. An increase in bulk density from 1.7 to 1.89 Mg m-3 decreased the infiltration rate by four times and increased resistance to penetration at the end of the season by three times. Knowledge of how management practices affect bulk density can aid growers in reducing recompaction following tillage. 23 NAL Call. No.: SB610.2.B74 Changes in weed populations and seed bank through two cycles of a maize-soyabean rotation in Ontario, Canada. Benoit, D.L.; Swanton, C.J.; Chandler, K.; Derksen, D.A. Surrey : BCPC Registered Office; 1991. Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds v. 1: p. 403-410; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Zea mays; Glycine max; Rotation; Weed control; Herbicides; Minimum tillage; Seed banks 24 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Chemical attributes of soils subjected to no-till cropping with rye cover crops. Eckert, D.J. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 Mar. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (2): p. 405-409; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ohio; Secale cereale; Zea mays; Glycine max; Soil chemistry; Calcium; Carbon; Magnesium; Nitrogen fertilizers; Phosphorus; Potassium; No-tillage; Rotations; Soil fertility; Soil physical properties Abstract: Rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crops are often promoted to supply additional residue in no-till production situations; however, the effect of inclusion of rye on soil chemical properties is largely unknown. Soils were sampled, 20 cm deep, from four 4-yr studies in which no-till corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) were grown continuously or in rotation on a Canfield silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Fragiudalf) or in rotation only on a Hoytville silty clay (fine, illitic, mesic Mollic Ochraqualf), with and without a winter rye cover crop. Corn had been fertilized each spring with 224 kg N ha(-1) as either injected anhydrous ammonia or surface-broadcast urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution. All plots sampled showed greater concentrations of organic C, exchangeable K, and Bray-1 extractable P in the surface 5-cm increment of soil than deeper in the sampled profile. Exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations were often less at this depth than deeper in the profile, particularly when N was applied as surface-broadcast UAN solution. Soil pH was generally lowest in the zone of N application. Addition of the rye cover crop had little effect on the distribution of chemical attributes, other than increasing concentrations of exchangeable K near the soil surface in several comparisons. 25 NAL Call. No.: S451.P4P45 Cleaning up with dirty farming. Pruyne, R. University Park, Pa. : Pennsylvania State University; 1991. PennState agriculture. p. 8-11; 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Conservation tillage; Erosion control; Topsoil; Erosion 26 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) control with non-selective herbicides. Higgins, J.M.; Whitwell, T.; Toler, J.E. Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1991 Oct. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 5 (4): p. 884-886; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Carolina; Triticum aestivum; Weed control; Chemical control; Glyphosate; Paraquat; Glufosinate; Conservation tillage; Application rates 27 NAL Call. No.: HD1773.A2N6 Comparative economics of alternative agricultural production systems: a review. Fox, G.; Weersink, A.; Sarwar, G.; Duff, S.; Deen, B. Morgantown, W.Va. : The Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association; 1991 Apr. Northeastern journal of agricultural and resource economics v. 20 (1): p. 124-142; 1991 Apr. Paper submitted in response to call for papers on the theme "The Effects of Agricultural Production on Environmental Quality.". Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North America; Crops; Vegetables; Conservation tillage; Erosion; Pest control; Environmental protection; Valuation; Externalities; Agricultural production; Profitability; Economic impact; Literature reviews; Alternative farming; Organic farming; Traditional farming 28 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16 A comparison of broadcast and drill methods for no-till seeding winter wheat. Collins, B.A.; Fowler, D.B. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Oct. Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de phytotechnie v. 72 (4): p. 1001-1008; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saskatchewan; Triticum aestivum; No-tillage; Sowing date; Sowing methods; Sowing rates; Broadcasting; Crop establishment; Crop yield; Plant development; Brassica campestris; Brassica napus; Linum usitatissimum 29 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Comparison of slug Mollusca: Pulmonata) trapping in no-till alfalfa. Barratt, B.I.P.; Byers, R.A.; Bierlein, D.L. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Jun. Journal of economic entomology v. 86 (3): p. 917-923; 1993 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Medicago sativa; No-tillage; Plant pests; Slugs; Trapping; Arion fasciatus; Deroceras laeve; Deroceras reticulatum Abstract: A comparison of defined-area traps (DATs) and refuge traps (RTs), in no-till alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to census the slug species Deroceras reticulatum (Muller), Deroceras laevae (Muller), and Arion fasciatus (Nielson) was made. The objective of the study was to determine whether Rts could be used in a range of crop densities and climatic conditions to assess slug density. In relation to slug density measured by DATs, Rts were less effective in trapping slugs in spring, when D. reticulatum was very small, but trapped relatively higher numbers than DATs when slugs were larger. Trapping methods were assessed between May and November in no-till alfalfa plots with plant densities ranging from 52 to 99% total plant cover in May to 78 to 91% cover in July. Alfalfa crop density had no effect upon RT catches except in dry conditions in June, when Rts collected more slugs in plots with most vegetation cover. Neither trap collected slugs during severe drought conditions in July when soil moisture content in the top 5 cm of the soil profile dropped to about 6%. 30 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 J822 A comparison of wing-chisel tillage with conventional tillage on crop yield, resource conservation, and economics. Heilman, M.D.; Hickman, M.V.; Taylor, M.J. Ankeny, Iowa : Soil and Water Conservation Society of America; 1991 Jan. Journal of soil and water conservation v. 46 (1): p. 78-80; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Sorghum bicolor; Tillage; Crop yield; Economics 31 NAL Call. No.: 100 M69MI Compliance means reliance on research and ryegrass. Broadway, R. Mississippi State, Miss. : The Station; 1991 Dec. MAFES research highlights - Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station v. 54 (12): p. 4; 1991 Dec. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Grasslands; Fodder crops; Legislation; Conservation tillage; Soil conservation 32 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU792 Conservation cropping systems for the semi-arid tropics of north Queensland, Australia. Cogle, A.L.; Bateman, R.J.; Heiner, D.H. East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1991. Australian journal of experimental agriculture v. 31 (4): p. 515-523. maps; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Queensland; Arachis hypogaea; Sorghum bicolor; Zea mays; Conservation tillage; Cropping systems; Crop yield; Semiarid zones; Tropics; Weed control 33 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 J822 Conservation tillage and season effects on soil erosion risk. Mills, W.C.; Thomas, A.W.; Langdale, G.W. Ankeny, Iowa : Soil and Water Conservation Society of America; 1991 Nov. Journal of soil and water conservation v. 46 (6): p. 452-460; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Erosion; Conservation tillage; Watersheds; Rain; Runoff; Losses from soil systems; Crop management; Probability; Risk; Seasonal variation; Effects 34 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 M58B Conservation tillage drills available in Michigan. Pierce, F.J.; Landeck, J.K.; King, R.L.; Harrigan, T.M. East Lansing, Mich. : The Service; 1992 Jun. Extension bulletin E - Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University (2337): 4 p.; 1992 Jun. Language: English Descriptors: Michigan; Direct sowing; Drills 35 NAL Call. No.: S530.J6 A conservation tillage educational program. Dickey, E.C.; Jasa, P.J.; Shelton, D.P. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991. Journal of agronomic education v. 20 (2): p. 102-107; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nebraska; Conservation tillage; Educational programs; Erosion; Erosion control; Fuel consumption; Energy conservation; Cooperative extension service; Program evaluation; Surveys 36 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N6N62 Conservation tillage for burley tobacco: nitrogen recommendations. Hoyt, G.D. Raleigh, N.C. : The Service; 1992 Dec. AG - North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State University v.): p. 36-38; 1992 Dec. In th series analytic: 1993 Burley Tobacco. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Nicotiana tabacum; Conservation tillage; Nitrogen; Application rates; Transplanters; Farm machinery; Cover crops 37 NAL Call. No.: aG3701.J2 1991 .U5 Map Conservation tillage in the US 1991., Rev. Oct. 1991.. United States. Soil Conservation Service; National Cartographic Center (U.S.) Ft. Worth, TX : USDA-SCS-National Cartographic Center ; West Lafayette, IN. : Conservation Technology Information Center, [distributor],; 1991. 1 map : col. ; 19 x 25 cm. Data provided by CTIC 1991. Map prepared using automated map construction. National Cartographic Center, Fort Worth, Texas 1991. Computer screen image map. Includes graph of "Acres planted by region" and inset map. 1006643. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage 38 NAL Call. No.: aG3701.J2 1992 .U5 Map Conservation tillage in the US 1992., Rev. Oct. 1992.. United States. Soil Conservation Service; National Cartography and Geographic Information Systems Center (U.S.) Ft. Worth, TX : USDA-SCS-National Cartography and GIS Center ; West Lafayette, IN. : Conservation Technology Information Center, [distributor],; 1992. 1 map : col. ; 19 x 25 cm. Source: Data provided by CTIC 1991. Data for Alaska and Hawaii falls below minimum category. Map prepared using automated map construction. National Cartography and Geographic Information System Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 1992. Computer generated map. Includes graph of "Acres planted by region" and inset map. 1006643. Language: English; English Descriptors: Conservation tillage 39 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3 Conservation tillage, including minimum and no-tillage: January 1979-August 1991. MacLean, J.T. Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1991 Oct. Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (92-02): 72 p.; 1991 Oct. Updates QB 90-15. Bibliography. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage; No-tillage; Minimum tillage; Bibliographies 40 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Conservation tillage overview and terminology. Hutchinson, R.L. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1993. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences. p. 108-110; 1993. Meeting held January 10-14, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage; Terminology 41 NAL Call. No.: 100 Al1H A conservation tillage practice that resists compaction. Raper, R.L.; Reeves, D.W.; Torbert, H.A. Auburn, Ala. : Agricultural Experiment Station of Auburn University, 1954-; 1993. Highlights of agricultural research v. 40 (2): p. 3; 1993. Language: English Descriptors: Alabama; Cabt; Conservation tillage; Soil compaction; Subsoilers 42 NAL Call. No.: 100 L93 (3) Conservation tillage studies. Bollich, P.K.; Leonards, W.J. Jr; Romero, G.R.; Walker, D.M. Crowley, La. : The Station; 1991. Annual research report - Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station (83rd): p. 152-160; 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Louisiana; Oryza sativa; Cultivars; Conservation tillage 43 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Conservation tillage systems and cotton insect pest management in Louisiana. Leonard, B.R.; Hutchinson, R.L.; Graves, J.B. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1992. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences v. 2: p. 807-810; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Louisiana; Gossypium; Conservation tillage; Insect pests; Pest control 44 NAL Call. No.: S604.C675 1992 Conservation tillage systems and management crop residue management with no-till, ridge-till, mulch-till., 1st ed.. Midwest Plan Service Ames, IA : MidWest Plan Service, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Dept., Iowa State University,; 1992. iv, 140 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm. MWPS-45. Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-135) and index. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage 45 NAL Call. No.: Videocassette no.1616 Conservation tillage using SCEPTER herbicide [and] SQUADRON herbicide American Cyanamide Company.. Using SCEPTER herbicide and SQUADRON herbicide in conservation tillage American Cyanamid Company Wayne, NJ : The Company,; 1992. 1 videocassette (13 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. + 1 booklet (14 p. ; 28 cm.). Title on cassette label: Using SCEPTER herbicide and SQUADRON herbicide in conservation tillage. Language: English Descriptors: Herbicides; Conservation tillage Abstract: Shows how to apply SCEPTER and SQAUDRON herbicides in various methods of conservation tillage. 46 NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84 Conserving cropland for the future. Corliss, J. Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1991 Jun. Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service v. 39 (6): p. 12-15; 1991 Jun. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage; Soil conservation; Erosion; Weed control 47 NAL Call. No.: SB327.M52 Considerations for no tillage in dry beans. Horny, P. Saginaw, Mich. : Michigan Bean Shippers Association; 1992. Michigan dry bean digest v. 16 (3): p. 17; 1992. Language: English Descriptors: Dry beans; No-tillage 48 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C35 Contribution of Avena spp., used in crop rotation systems under conservation tillage, to the inoculum levels of some cereal pathogens. Fernandez, M.R.; Swift Current, Saskatchewan; Santos, H.P. dos Guelph, Ont. : Canadian Phytopathological Society; 1992. Canadian journal of plant pathology; Revue Canadienne de phytopathologie v. 14 (4): p. 271-277; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Rio grande do sul; Parana; Triticum aestivum; Hordeum vulgare; Avena sativa; Avena nuda; Cochliobolus sativus; Gibberella zeae; Crop residues; Pyrenophora avenae; Plant pathogenic fungi; Fungal diseases; Incidence; Rotations; Conservation tillage; Inoculum density; Field tests; Greenhouse culture 49 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 W52R Control of annual bromes and Italian ryegrass using triallate in winter wheat with varying levels of crop residue. Aldrich-Markham, S. S.l. : The Society; 1992. Research progress report - Western Society of Weed Science. p. III/155-III/156; 1992. Meeting held on March 9-12, 1992, Salt Lake City, Utah. Language: English Descriptors: Oregon; Triticum; Bromus; Herbicides; Lolium multiflorum; Minimum tillage; Weed control; Crop residues 50 NAL Call. No.: NBULD3656 1992 L5643 Controlled wheel traffic effects on soil properties in ridge till.. University of Nebraska--Lincoln thesis : Agronomy Liebig, Mark A. 1992; 1992. ix, 97 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm. Includes bibliographical references. Language: English 51 NAL Call. No.: 100 T25F Corn hybrids compared in no-till and conventional cropping systems. Graves, C.R.; West, D.R.; Kincer, D.R.; Harrison, M.P.; Bradley, J.F. Knoxville, Tenn. : The Station; 1993. Tennessee farm and home science : progress report - Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station (165): p. 11-16; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tennessee; Zea mays; No-tillage; Cultivars; Crop yield; Tillage 52 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Corn response to rye cover crop, tillage methods, and planter options. Raimbault, B.A.; Vyn, T.J.; Tollenaar, M. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Mar. Agronomy journal v. 83 (2): p. 287-290; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Zea mays; Cover crops; Secale cereale; No-tillage; Plowing; Tillage; Planters; Coulters; Crop residues; Preplanting treatment; Application date; Timing; Paraquat; Crop yield; Dry matter accumulation Abstract: Studies in Ontario have shown that corn (Zea mays L.) yields are reduced when corn is seeded immediately after rye (Secale cereale L.) harvest or chemical kill of winter rye. A study was conducted in 1983 and 1984 on a Maryhill (Typic Hapludalf) loam soil to determine the effect of spring tillage systems and timing of rye chemical kill on the subsequent corn crop. The rye was seeded in early October after corn silage harvest. The tillage treatments consisted of (i) moldboard plow plus secondary tillage, (ii) strip tillage, (iii) no-tillage with ripple coulters (iv) no-tillage with disc furrowers plus plow coulters, and (v) no-tillage with ripple coulters plus plow coulters. The rye kill treatments were early (2 wk before planting) or late (just prior to corn planting). Corn whole-plant yields averaged 13.6 and 12.4 Mg ha-1 for early and late rye kill, respectively. Corn yield in the moldboard plow treatment was higher thin in strip tillage and the average of no-till treatments; however, using disc furrowers produced yields equal to those with the moldboard plow treatment. Moving the residue out of the row with disc furrowers resulted in corn yields that were significantly higher than those in no-till treatments with ripple coulters. The improvement in plant growth due to an early rye kill (as opposed to a late rye kill) was often greater with the conservation tillage systems relative to the moldboard plow treatment. A crop production system is proposed involving chemical control of a winter rye cover crop 2 wk before corn planting and planting the corn with a modified no-till system that removes rye residue from the row area. 53 NAL Call. No.: S590.C63 Corn root dry matter and nitrogen distribution as determined by sampling multiple soil cores around individual plants. Crozier, C.R.; King, L.D. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1993. Communications in soil science and plant analysis v. 24 (11/12): p. 1127-1138; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Zea mays; Roots; Shoots; Dry matter; Dry matter distribution; Nitrogen; Nutrient uptake; Nitrogen content; Plant composition; Spatial distribution; Tillage; No-tillage 54 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Corn-weed interactions with long-term conservation tillage management. Coffman, C.B.; Frank, J.R. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jan. Agronomy journal v. 84 (1): p. 17-21; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Maryland; Zea mays; Crop weed competition; Conservation tillage; Continuous cropping; Monoculture; Herbicide mixtures; Alachlor; Glyphosate; Paraquat; Atrazine; Simazine; Cyanazine; Butylate; Eptc; Application rates; Timing; Application date; Weed control; Chemical control; Crop yield; Grain; Amaranthus hybridus; Panicum dichotomiflorum Abstract: The use of monoculture production systems such as continuous corn (Zea mays L.) in conservation-tillage systems has created a requirement for information concerning crop and weed responses to annual herbicide inputs. The objective of this 5-yr investigation (1981-1995) was to evaluate weed problems and delineate weed and crop interactions in continuous conservation-tillage corn as affected by annual herbicide applications. Preemergence treatments contained selected combinations of triazines or a triazine plus alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide]. Preemergence or preplant incorporated herbicide mixtures were applied at common usage rates and compared for their effects on weed cover, weed species stability, and grain production. All plots were essentially weed-free the first year. Weed cover in most treatments increased significantly by the second year with fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.) dominating the flora in Years 2 and 3, and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.) dominating in Years 4 and 5. Smooth pigweed reached densities of 85% in several treatments. Fall panicum was the dominant weed in pre-plant incorporated treatments that contained atrazine [6- chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] plus a carbamothioate herbicide. Grain yields were negatively correlated with fall panicum densities in the second year in all herbicide treatments. Smooth pigweed densities were negatively correlated with grain yields in the fifth year in all preemergence treatments. Smooth pigweed densities were lower in triazine plus alachlor treatments than in double triazine treatments for the last 2 yr of the study. 55 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 J822 Costs of conventional and conservation tillage systems. Weersink, A.; Walker, M.; Swanton, C.; Shaw, J.E. Ankeny, Iowa : Soil and Water Conservation Society of America; 1992 Jul. Journal of soil and water conservation v. 47 (4): p. 328-334; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Zea mays; Glycine max; Clay soils; Clay loam soils; Sandy soils; Farm size; Cost analysis; Chiselling; Ridging; No-tillage; Plowing; Conservation tillage; Comparisons; Total costs; Farm inputs; Farm machinery; Labor costs; Labor requirements; Variable costs; Herbicides; Seasonal variation 56 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Cotton ridge-till and minimum tillage systems in Southeast Missouri. Ayers, V.H.; Albers, D.W. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1993. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences. p. 503-504; 1993. Meeting held January 10-14, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Missouri; Gossypium hirsutum; Ridging; Tillage 57 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Cotton root growth in conventional vs reduced tillage systems. Lawlor, D.J.; Landivar, J.A.; Vasek, J.; Crenshaw, C. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1991. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences v. 2: p. 817-819; 1991. Paper presented at the "Cotton Physiology Conference," 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Gossypium hirsutum; Roots; Growth; Tillage; Minimum tillage; Crop yield 58 NAL Call. No.: 100 M69MI Crimson clover benefits soil, crops, and producers. Broadway, R. Mississippi State, Miss. : The Station; 1991 Dec. MAFES research highlights - Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station v. 54 (12): p. 7; 1991 Dec. Language: English Descriptors: Trifolium incarnatum; Nitrogen; Nitrogen fixation; Cover crops; Zea mays; Production costs; No-tillage 59 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6 Crop mulch effects on Rhizoctonia soil infestation and disease severity in conservation-tilled cotton. Rickerl, D.H.; Curl, E.A.; Touchton, J.T.; Gordon, W.B. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Jun. Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (6): p. 553-557; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Alabama; Gossypium; Vicia villosa; Trifolium incarnatum; Mulches; Rotations; Fallow; Rhizoctonia solani; Fungal diseases; Conservation tillage; Crop damage; Emergence; Survival; Soil fungi; Infestation; Population density; Virulence; Inoculum density; Crop residues; Seasonal variation; Soil temperature; Paleudults; Coastal plain soils; Sandy loam soils Abstract: Vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and fallow (no winter cover crop) were used as mulch crops preceding cotton planted in a conservation tillage system. In field tests, cotton emergence and survival were reduced in legume mulches with significant differences at the second planting in 1985. Assessments of Rhizoctonia soil infestation estimated using a modified stem trap baiting procedure, indicated higher amounts of Rhizoctonia in cotton following legume crops than in cotton following fallow. In greenhouse studies, comparisons of warm (29 +/- 2 degrees C day and 21 +/-2 degrees C night) and cool (29 +/- 2 degrees C day and 10 +/- 2 degrees C night) temperature regimes imposed on the clover, vetch and fallow treatments, demonstrated that the cool temperature regime significantly reduced emergence and survival of cotton seedlings. However, there was no interaction of cropping treatments (legume cropped or fallowed treatments with temperature regimes). Cotton seedling disease severity in the greenhouse assay of field-collected soil samples showed a significant interaction among year, soil treatment and temperature. 60 NAL Call. No.: aS604.C76 1992 Crop residue management Minnesota job sheet-crop residue use and conservation tillage.. Minnesota job sheet-crop residue use and conservation tillage United States, Soil Conservation Service St. Paul, Minn. : USDA Soil Conservation Service,; 1992; A 57.2:M 66/5. [4] p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm. Caption title. Shipping list no.: 92-0464-P. June 1992. Language: English; English Descriptors: Crop residue management; Crop residues; Soil conservation 61 NAL Call. No.: aS624.I8C76 1992 Crop residue systems for conservation and profit. United States, Soil Conservation Service Des Moines, Iowa : The Service,; 1992. 15 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 28 cm. Cover title. October, 1992. Language: English Descriptors: Crop residue management; Conservation tillage 62 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Crop rotation and tillage effects on corn growth and soil structural stability. Raimbault, B.A.; Vyn, T.J. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Nov. Agronomy journal v. 83 (6): p. 979-985; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Zea mays; Rotations; Medicago sativa; Hordeum vulgare; Triticum aestivum; Trifolium pratense; Continuous cropping; Sequential cropping; Intercropping; Tillage; Minimum tillage; Crop yield; Grain; Growth rate; Soil structure; Aggregates; Stability; Long term experiments Abstract: Increasing concerns about soil degradation with continuous corn (Zea mays L.) production and a scarcity of scientific information regarding corn grown in rotation with the diversity of crops produced in Ontario, prompted a long term study on the effect of various crop rotations and their interaction with two tillage systems on corn growth and soil structure. Eight rotations were established in 1980 which included continuous corn, six rotations comprised of 2 yr of corn following 2 yr of another crop or crop sequence, and continuous alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Each rotation was divided into either conventional tillage (fall moldboard plow) or minimum tillage (fall chisel plow). First-year corn grown in rotation yielded 3.9% more than continuous corn for conventional tillage and 7.9% more than continuous corn for minimum tillage. These corn responses to rotation were smaller than most of those reported in the literature. When barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were the preceding crops, interseeding red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) increased first year corn yields only on conventionally tilled plots. Corn plant development was consistently slower with minimum tillage compared to conventional tillage. Yields were significantly lower with minimum tillage for continuous corn and where corn followed wheat interseeded with red clover. Little or no response to rotation was observed in second-year corn. The seedbed with continuous corn had a lower proportion of fine aggregates compared to corn grown in rotation. In most years soil aggregate stability was highest under continuous alfalfa and including a legume (whether alfalfa or interseeded red clover) in the rotation improved aggregate stability compared to continuous corn. 63 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 J822 Crop sequences and conservation tillage to control irrigation furrow erosion and increase farmer income. Carter, D.L.; Berg, R.D. Ankeny, Iowa : Soil and Water Conservation Society of America; 1991 Mar. Journal of soil and water conservation v. 46 (2): p. 139-142; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage; Furrows; Erosion; Furrow irrigation; Sequential cropping; Research 64 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Crop yields and economic returns accompanying the transition to alternative farming systems. Smolik, J.D.; Dobbs, T.L. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Apr. Journal of production agriculture v. 4 (2): p. 153-161; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; Northern plains states of U.S.A.; Farming systems; Organic farming; Crop yield; Tillage; Ridging; Minimum tillage; Rowcrops; Field crops; Grain crops; Rotations; Herbicides; Fertilizers; Precipitation; Economic evaluation; Returns; Profits; Farm income; Production costs; Comparisons 65 NAL Call. No.: S590.S65 Cropping systems effects of a newly-cleared ultisol in Southern Nigeria. Lal, R.; Ghuman, B.S.; Shearer, W. Cremlingen-Destedt, W. Ger. : CATENA Verlag; 1992 Mar. Soil technology v. 5 (1): p. 27-38; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nigeria; Ultisols; Humid tropics; Acid soils; Manihot esculenta; Elaeis guineensis; Musa; Root crops; Grain crops; Cropping systems; Alley cropping; Traditional farming; Tropical rain forests; Land clearance; Erosion; Earthworms; Biological activity in soil; Crop production; Crop yield; Dry season; Wet season; Rain; Temporal variation; Runoff; Infiltration; No-tillage; Soil structure; Land productivity; Soil fertility; Sustainability 66 NAL Call. No.: 100 OK4 (3) Cultural control of greenbugs. Burton, R.L.; Burd, J.D. Stillwater, Okla. : The Station; 1991 May. Miscellaneous publication - Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University (132): p. 262; 1991 May. In the series analytic: Aphid-Plant Interaction: Populations to Molecules / edited by D.C. Peters, J.A. Webster, and C.S. Chlouber. Paper presented at a symposium held August 12-17, 1990, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Nebraska; Schizaphis graminum; Insect control; Cultural control; No-tillage 67 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Decreasing rates of nonselective herbicides in double-crop no-till soybeans (Glycine max). Moseley, C.M.; Hagood, E.S. Jr Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1991 Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 5 (1): p. 198-201; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Virginia; Glycine max; Double cropping; No-tillage; Weed control; Chemical control; Chlorimuron; Linuron; Glyphosate; Paraquat; Herbicide mixtures; Digitaria sanguinalis; Application rates 68 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 IO9PA Demonstration of how fertilizer placement interacts with root growth. Kaspar, T.C.; Cruse, R.M.; Timmons, D.R. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1991 Jan. PM - Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service (1417): p. 63-68; 1991 Jan. In the series analytic: Integrated Farm Management Demonstration Program. 1990 Progress Report. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Nitrogen fertilizers; Conservation tillage; Liquid fertilizer distributors; Crop yield 69 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Design and performance of a bed-forming machine for controlled-traffic no-tillage system. Morrison, J.E. Jr St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Mar. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (2): p. 179-182; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Farm machinery; Structural design; Performance; Land forming; Raised beds; No-tillage; Clay soils; Conservation tillage Abstract: An experimental bed-forming machine was designed and developed for the operational conditions of controlled-traffic, tillage, cropping systems on the Texas Blackland Prairie. The machine was front mounted on a two-wheel-drive tractor to cut two spaced furrows and form raised wide beds when initiating such a tillage and cropping system. Subsequent rebedding was conducted after one or more cropping years, when the soil was covered with crop residues. The experimental machine was satisfactory in difficult clay soils. Alternative furrow plows could be used for other soil conditions. 70 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Differential phosphorus retention in soil profiles under no-till crop production. Guertal, E.A.; Eckert, D.J.; Traina, S.J.; Logan, T.J. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 Mar. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (2): p. 410-413; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ohio; Zea mays; Phosphorus; Soil chemistry; Soil fertility; No-tillage; Extraction; Field tests; Sorption Abstract: Field trials in Ohio have shown that the Bray-1 P soil-test level for optimum corn (Zea mays L.) production is greater for no-till than for conventionally (moldboard plow) tilled corn. Studies using Hoytville silty clay loam (fine, illitic, mesic Mollic Ochraqualf) and Canfield silt loam (fine- loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Fragiudalf) taken from long-term no-tillage plots indicated decreased retention of P against the Bray-1 extractant in surface soils, compared with samples from deeper within the soil profile. In an effort to further examine the P-retention characteristics of no-till soil profiles, experiments were prepared using P-sorption isotherms, before and after a series of sequential anion resin extractions. Prior to sequential extractions, the isotherms showed decreased sorption of P at the soil surface (0-2 cm), compared with deeper soil layers. Resin extraction removed more P from surface layers than deeper depths, and the quantity of P removed with each extraction declined much more quickly in the surface layers than in lower depths. After resin extraction there was a trend for greater retention of P against the Bray-1 extractant in the upper soil layers. Sorption isotherms created after resin extraction show increased P sorption at all depths and closer agreement between the shape of the isotherm curves. It appears that accumulated P on the soil surface saturates P fixation sites, resulting in differential retention of P with depth. 71 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Directed sprayer for targeting pesticides. Morrison, J.E. Jr; Chandler, J.M. Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Apr. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 6 (2): p. 441-444; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Rowcrops; No-tillage; Conservation tillage; Pesticides; Application methods; Sprayers 72 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 Diurnal abundance and spatial distribution of armyworm, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in no-till corn. Laub, C.A.; Luna, J.M. Tifton, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1991 Apr. Journal of entomological science v. 26 (2): p. 261-266; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Virginia; Zea mays; Mythimna unipuncta; Diurnal activity; Spatial distribution; Feeding behavior; Sampling; No-tillage 73 NAL Call. No.: S79.E8 Doublecropping systems for soybean and beef production. Hovermale, C.H.; Davis, J.D.; St. Louis, D.G. Mississippi State, Miss. : The Station; 1992 Apr. Technical bulletin - Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (181): 8 p.; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Glycine max; Beef cattle; Double cropping; Grazing; No-tillage; Aerial sowing; Crop yield; Stocking rate 74 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Early preplant atrazine and metolachlor in conservation tillage corn (Zea mays). Buhler, D.D. Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1991 Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 5 (1): p. 66-71; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Wisconsin; Zea mays; Weed control; Chemical control; Atrazine; Metolachlor; Preplanting treatment; Application methods; Timing; No-tillage; Chiselling; Conservation tillage; Abutilon theophrasti; Setaria faberi 75 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Early season herbicide applications for weed control in stale seedbed soybean (Glycine max). Bruff, S.A.; Shaw, D.R. Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 6 (1): p. 36-44; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Glycine max; Weed control; Chemical control; Cassia obtusifolia; Ipomoea lacunosa; Sesbania exaltata; Chlorimuron; Glyphosate; Imazaquin; Metribuzin; Paraquat; Conservation tillage; Application date; Crop yield 76 NAL Call. No.: SB610.2.B74 Ecofallow and winter wheat weed control with UCC C4243. Bell, A.R.; Walz, A.W.; Joy, D.N. Surrey : BCPC Registered Office; 1991. Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds v. 2: p. 807-812; 1991. Conference held November 18-21, 1991, Brighton, England. Language: English Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Amaranthus retroflexus; Kochia scoparia; Weed control; Herbicides; No-tillage 77 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16 Economic analysis of alternative cropping systems for a bean/wheat rotation on light-textured soils. Yiridoe, E.K.; Weersink, A.; Roy, R.C.; Swanton, C.J. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1993 Apr. Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de phytotechnie v. 73 (2): p. 405-415; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Triticum aestivum; Glycine max; Phaseolus vulgaris; No- tillage; Tillage; Rotations; Sandy loam soils; Crop yield; Returns; Production costs; Cover crops; Secale cereale; Zea mays 78 NAL Call. No.: 100 L939 An economic analysis of reduced tillage cotton production. Paxton, K.W.; Lavergne, D.R. Baton Rouge, La. : The Station; 1991. Louisiana agriculture - Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station v. 34 (4): p. 8-9; 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Louisiana; Gossypium; Minimum tillage; Economic analysis; Crop production 79 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Economic analysis of ridge-till and minimum till systems in Missouri. Reinbott, D. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1993. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences. p. 505-507; 1993. Meeting held January 10-14, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Missouri; Ridging; Minimum tillage; Economic analysis 80 NAL Call. No.: 281.8 C16 Economic comparison of alternative tillage systems under risk. Weersink, A.; Walker, M.; Swanton, C.; Shaw, J. Ottawa : Canadian Agricultural Economics and Farm Management Society; 1992 Jul. Canadian journal of agricultural economics; Revue Canadienne d'economie rurale v. 40 (2): p. 199-217; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Maize; Soybeans; Cash crops; Tillage; No-tillage; Chiselling; Production costs; Farm comparisons; Risk; Ranking; Farm income; Farm size; Soil types; Stochastic processes; Conservation tillage; Alternative farming; Ridging; Crop yield; Zea mays; Glycine max 81 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 An economic comparison of the wheat-fallow and wheat-sorghum-fallow cropping systems. Norwood, C.A.; Dhuyvetter, K.C. Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy, c1987-; 1993 Apr. Journal of production agriculture v. 6 (2): p. 261-266; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kansas; Cabt; Triticum aestivum; Sorghum bicolor; Crop yield; Fallow; Rotations; Minimum tillage; No-tillage; Economic analysis; Acreage; Production costs; Deficiency payments; Federal programs; Returns 82 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 The economics of alternative tillage systems, crop rotations, and herbicide use on three representative East-Central Corn Belt farms. Martin, M.A.; Schreiber, M.M.; Riepe, J.R.; Bahr, J.R. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Apr. Weed science v. 39 (2): p. 299-307; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Indiana; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays; Glycine max; Cost benefit analysis; Conservation tillage; Sustainability; Integrated pest management; Alternative farming; Farm income; Farm inputs; Herbicides; Weed control; Rotations; Farm size; No-tillage; Farm results; Crop yield; Continuous cropping; Chiselling; Mathematical models; Linear programming Abstract: A linear programming model was used to determine which crop rotations and weed management systems result in the highest net farm income for each of three farm sizes (120, 240, and 480 hectares) under alternative tillage systems. Test plot data for the years 1981 through 1988 from the Purdue University Agronomy Farm, which has highly productive, well-drained soils, were analyzed. Net incomes for no-till tillage systems on all farms in the model were consistently and significantly lower than incomes for moldboard and chisel plow tillage systems due to slightly lower yields and substantially higher herbicide costs. Generally, net farm incomes were slightly higher with a moldboard plow versus chisel plow tillage system. Also, as farm size increased, per hectare net incomes increased. About 80% of the time under moldboard or chisel plow tillage systems, the model chose as optimal the lowest of three herbicide application rates. A corn/soybean rotation was chosen as optimal on 56% of the farm area analyzed, versus 25% for continuous corn and 13% for a corn/soybean/wheat rotation. 83 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Economics of reduced tillage cotton production systems in Louisiana. Paxton, K.W.; Lavergne, D.R. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1991. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences v. 1: p. 400-401; 1991. Paper presented at the "Cotton Economics and Marketing Conference," 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Louisiana; Gossypium hirsutum; Crop production; Minimum tillage; Cost benefit analysis 84 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Effect of 2,4-D and dicamba residues on following crops in conservation tillage systems. Moyer, J.R.; Bergen, P.; Schaalje, G.B. Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 6 (1): p. 149-155; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hordeum vulgare; Triticum aestivum; Lens culinaris; Pisum sativum; Brassica napus; Rotations; Medicago sativa; Conservation tillage; Weed control; Chemical control; Herbicide residues; 2,4-d; Dicamba; Glyphosate; Residual effects; Application date; Phytotoxicity; Crop damage; Spring; Sowing date; Crop yield 85 NAL Call. No.: QH84.8.B46 Effect of different soil cultivation systems, including no-tillage, on electro-ultrafiltration extractable organic nitrogen. Hutsch, B.; Mengel, K. Berlin ; a Secaucus, N.J. : Springer International, 1985-; 1993. Biology and fertility of soils v. 16 (3): p. 233-237; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cultivation; No-tillage; Mineralization; Nitrogen; Soil fertility; Soil organic matter; Ultrafiltration 86 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 IO9PA Effect of different tillage systems on energy conservation. Cruse, R.M.; Colvin, T.S.; Musselman, A. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1992 Jan. PM - Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service (1467): p. 11-16; 1992 Jan. In the series analytic: Integrated farm management demonstration program--1991 progress report. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Conservation tillage; Energy conservation; Erosion; Crop yield; Crop residues 87 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 IO9PA Effect of different tillage systems on energy conservation. Cruse, R.M.; Colvin, T.S. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1991 Jan. PM - Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service (1417): p. 19-22; 1991 Jan. In the series analytic: Integrated Farm Management Demonstration Program. 1990 Progress Report. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Conservation tillage; Energy conservation; Demonstration farms; Tillage; Yields 88 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 Effect of disk harrowing on subsequent emergence of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) adults from wheat stubble. Zeiss, M.R.; Brandenburg, R.L.; Van Duyn, J.W. Griffin, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1993 Jan. Journal of entomological science v. 28 (1): p. 8-15; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Triticum aestivum; Glycine max; Mayetiola destructor; Insect control; Stubble; Disc harrows; Tillage; No-tillage 89 NAL Call. No.: S590.C63 Effect of nitrogen and nitrogen placement on no-till small grains: plant nitrogen relationships. Jackson, G.D.; Kushnak, G.D.; Berg, R.K.; Carlson, G.R. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1992. Communications in soil science and plant analysis v. 23 (17/20): p. 2425-2435; 1992. In the Special Issue: International symposium on soil testing and plant analysis in the global community. Paper presented at the second international symposium, August 22-27, 1991, Orlando, Florida. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Montana; Triticum aestivum; Hordeum vulgare; No-tillage; Nitrogen fertilizers; Application rates; Placement; Nitrogen; Soil testing; Nutrient uptake; Protein content; Grain; Nutrient content 90 NAL Call. No.: S590.C63 Effect of nitrogen and nitrogen placement on no-till small grains: plant yield relationships. Kushnak, G.D.; Jackson, G.D.; Berg, R.K.; Carlson, G.R. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1992. Communications in soil science and plant analysis v. 23 (17/20): p. 2437-2449; 1992. In the Special Issue: International symposium on soil testing and plant analysis in the global community. Paper presented at the second international symposium, August 22-27, 1991, Orlando, Florida. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Montana; Triticum aestivum; Hordeum vulgare; No-tillage; Continuous cropping; Soil testing; Nitrogen; Nutrient content; Nitrogen fertilizers; Use efficiency; Placement; Application rates; Crop yield 91 NAL Call. No.: QK867.J67 Effect of several production factors on two varieties of rapeseed in the central United States. Yusuf, R.I.; Bullock, D.G. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1993. Journal of plant nutrition v. 16 (7): p. 1279-1288; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Brassica napus; Ammonium nitrate; Application rates; Application date; Planting date; Tillage; Crop yield; Rapeseed oil; Nitrogen content; Lodging; Overwintering; Survival; Cultivars; Split dressings Abstract: Two varieties of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus) (Cobra and Liborius) were planted at Brownstown, IL to evaluate the effect of planting date, nitrogen (N) rate, N application timing, and tillage on grain yield and oil content of the grain, grain moisture, plant lodging, winter survival, and plant N content. Results indicated that planting rapeseed approximately one to two weeks prior to winter wheat in this region is preferable to planting earlier. Grain yield showed a significant linear increase with delayed planting date from 25 August to 24 September. Grain yield also increased quadratically with increasing N rate (with an optimum of about 250 kg N/ha) and increased (0.15 Mg/ha) due to splitting the N fertilizer into two even applications. An increase in grain yield was accompanied by an increase in grain moisture with Liborius (late maturing) having significantly greater grain moisture than Cobra. Winter survival increased linearly with delayed planting date but, was accompanied by a significant quadratic increase in plant lodging. Chisel, as compared to disk tillage, increased plant lodging slightly, but decreased winter survival slightly. Neither delayed planting, N rate, nor splitting of spring N affected oil content. Liborius produced significantly more oil than did Cobra. 92 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6 Effect of soil compaction on activity and biomass of endogeic lumbricids in arable soils. Sochtig, W.; Larink, O. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Dec. Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (12): p. 1595-1599; 1992 Dec. In the special issue ISEE 4. Proceedings of the "4th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology," June 11-15, 1990, Avignon, France / edited by A. Kretzschmar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Germany; Aporrectodea caliginosa; Aporrectodea; Earthworms; Lumbricidae; Species; Soil compaction; Population density; Biomass; Biological activity in soil; Soil density; Farm machinery; Traffic; Triticum aestivum; Conservation tillage Abstract: Between June 1988 and October 1989 the effect of soil compaction on abundance and biomass of active lumbricids was investigated in a longterm field experiment under spring-wheat and winter-barley. Seven plots were subjected to loads by agricultural machinery under conditions simulating three common kinds of agricultural practice and compared to an unloaded control plot (Table 1). The dominant species of the investigation area, Aporrectodea caliginosa and A. rosea (99.3% of total individual number) had their highest activity and biomass in the uncompact control plot. Lowest individual numbers were found in the extremely loaded wheel-track and the conservation tillage area. The extensive cultivation of this area began just at the start of the field experiment, so that a greater earthworm population had not had time to establish itself In pot experiments the activity of the endogeic species A. caliginosa was investigated in tripartioned soil columns (40 cm long X 19 cm wide), each differently compact to pore volumes (pv) of 37.5, 42.5, 47.5 and 56%. A significantly higher activity, measured as the length and the number of the burrows visible from outside, was found in the lighter substrates. The volume number extent of earthworm burrows was as much as 2 times higher in the 47.5 and 56% pv columns than in the more compact 42.5 and 37.5% pv columns. 93 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Effect of straw, ash, and tillage on dissipation of imazaquin and imazethapyr. Monks, C.D.; Bank, P.A. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jan. Weed science v. 41 (1): p. 133-137; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Cabt; Gossypium hirsutum; Imazaquin; Imazethapyr; Application rates; Persistence; Sandy loam soils; Silt loam soils; Straw burning; Ash; Tillage; No-tillage; Crop damage; Glycine max; Rotations Abstract: Experiments were conducted on a Cedarbluff silt loam and a Cecil sandy loam to determine dissipation of imazaquin and imazethapyr as influenced by burning small-grain straw and tillage prior to soybean planting. Corn bioassay detection limits for imazaquin and imazethapyr in the Cedarbluff silt loam were 2.5 to 30 and 5 to 40 ppbw, respectively. Bioassay detection limits for imazaquin and imazethapyr in the Cecil sandy loam were 2.5 to 20 and 10 to 40 ppbw, respectively. Imazaquin and imazethapyr activity was not detectable in soil by 110 to 152 d after treatment. Imazethapyr dissipation was not affected by burning or tillage in the Cedarbluff silt loam and dissipated more slowly in 1989 than imazaquin. Imazaquin dissipation in the Cedarbluff silt loam in 1988 was slower in burned plots than in nonburned plots but was not affected by burning in 1989. No differences were observed between imazaquin and imazethapyr dissipation in the Cecil sandy loam and neither burning or tillage influenced their rate of dissipation in either year. No-till-planted cotton was injured at both locations by imazaquin and imazethapyr that had been applied the previous year. 94 NAL Call. No.: 1.9 P69P Effect of three tillage practices on development of northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum) under continuous corn. Pedersen, W.L.; Oldham, M.G. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1992 Nov. Plant disease v. 76 (1): p. 1161-1164; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Zea mays; Hybrids; Setosphaeria turcica; Blight; Continuous cropping; Conservation tillage; No-tillage; Virulence; Crop yield; Correlation; Lodging; Varietal reactions 95 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Effect of tillage on cotton plant populations and seedling diseases. Colyer, P.D.; Vernon, P.R. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1993 Jan. Journal of production agriculture v. 6 (1): p. 108-111; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Louisiana; Gossypium hirsutum; Seedlings; Conservation tillage; Tillage; Plant disease control; Chemical control; Aldicarb; Quintozene; Etridiazole; Crop establishment; Crop density; Vigor; Plant diseases; Incidence; Disease resistance; Crop yield; Seeds; Indexes; Seasonal variation 96 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Effect of tillage practices and weed management on survival of stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs and larvae. Levine, E. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Jun. Journal of economic entomology v. 86 (3): p. 924-928; 1993 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Zea mays; Seedlings; Papaipema nebris; Survival; Cultural control; Insect control; Tillage; Weed control; Weeds Abstract: Increased use of conservation tillage by midwestern corn growers in the 1970s and 1980s has led to a greater incidence of problems with the stalk borer, Papaipema nebris (Guenee). In particular, serious infestations have occurred throughout entire fields where no-till is practiced. A 3-yr factorial experiment (1983-1986) assessed the effect of three tillage practices (fall moldboard plow and spring disk, fall chisel plow and spring disk, and no-till) at two levels of weed management (weed growth present or absent in spring) on the survival of stalk borer eggs and development of larvae from surviving eggs. Injury to corn was used as a relative measure of stalk borer survival. Egg masses were infested on or immediately adjacent to grassy weeds after harvest but before tillage operations took place. Winter wheat was sowed in the fall to supplement natural weed growth in the plots with no weed control. In plots with the high level of weed control, plant growth was controlled, as needed, with paraquat in spring before planting. In all three studies, the tillage X weed management interaction was not significant and the moldboard-plow treatment significantly decreased stalk borer damage when compared with the no-till treatment. The chisel-plow treatment was generally intermediate between the no-till treatment and the moldboard-plow treatment in reducing stalk borer damage. The absence of weed growth in spring tended to decrease infestations of larvae, although the difference in damage between the two levels of weed management was significant in only one of the study periods. In that period, the interval between predicted 50% stalk borer egg hatch and the one-leaf-stage of corn development was greater than that interval for the other two studies. Even with the burial of eggs by soil with the moldboard-plow treatment, some larvae successfully eclosed and survived to damage corn seedlings in two of the three studies, with or without the presence of weeds. Although the resul 97 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Effect of tillage systems on the emergence depth of giant (Setaria faberi) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis). Buhler, D.D.; Mester, T.C. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Apr. Weed science v. 39 (2): p. 200-203; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Setaria faberi; Setaria viridis; Weed biology; Cultural weed control; Conservation tillage; Plowing; Chiselling; Seedling emergence; Population density; Buried seeds; Depth Abstract: The effect of tillage systems on depth of emergence and densities of giant and green foxtail under different environmental and cropping conditions were evaluated from 1985 to 1987 at Arlington, Hancock, and Janesville, WI. Mean emergence depths in no-till were the shallowest, followed by chisel plow and conventional tillage at each location. At least 40% of the giant and green foxtail plants emerged from the upper 1 cm of soil in no-till compared to about 25% in chisel plow and less than 15% in conventional tillage. As many as 25% of the plants emerged from greater than 4 cm in conventional tillage compared to about 10% in chisel plow and less than 5% in no-till. Seedlings emerged from greater depths in a loamy sand than in a silt loam soil regardless of tillage system. At Arlington, green foxtail was the dominant species in conventional tillage, while giant foxtail dominated in chisel plow and no-till. Foxtail densities were greater in chisel plow and no- till than in conventional tillage at all three locations. 98 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16 Effect of vegetation suppression on the establishment of sod-seeded alfalfa in the Aspen Parkland. Bowes, G.G.; Zentner, R.P. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Oct. Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de phytotechnie v. 72 (4): p. 1349-1358; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saskatchewan; Medicago sativa; Bromus inermis; Crop establishment; Crop yield; Glyphosate; Rotary cultivation; Economic analysis 99 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16 Effectiveness and economics of repeated sequences of herbicides for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) control in reduced-till spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Donald, W.W.; Prato, T. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Apr. Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de phytotechnie v. 72 (2): p. 599-618; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Canada; Triticum aestivum; Cirsium arvense; Bromoxynil; Chlorsulfuron; 2,4-d; Dicamba; Glyphosate; Mcpa; Application date; Herbicidal properties; Weed control 100 NAL Call. No.: SB193.F59 Effects of coated seed on alfalfa stand density and yield in reduced tillage systems. Cosgrove, D.R.; Daley, P.E.; Koenig, L.G.; Ritten, T.J. Columbia, Mo. : American Forage and Grassland Council; 1991. Proceedings of the Forage and Grassland Conference. p. 166-170; 1991. Meeting held April 1-4, 1991, Columbia, Missouri. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Stand establishment; Seed treatment; No-tillage; Plowing; Crop density; Crop yield 101 NAL Call. No.: 1.9 P69P Effects of crop rotation and residue management practices on severity of tan spot of winter wheat. Bockus, W.W.; Claassen, M.M. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1992 Jun. Plant disease v. 76 (6): p. 633-636; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kansas; Triticum aestivum; Winter wheat; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis; Fungal diseases; Plant disease control; Continuous cropping; Rotations; Sorghum bicolor; Plowing; Blade plowing; No-tillage; Chiselling; Discing; Crop residues; Virulence; Leaves; Symptoms; Epidemiology 102 NAL Call. No.: SB610.2.B74 Effects of cultivation and seed shedding on the population dynamics of Galium aparine in winter wheat crops. Wilson, B.J.; Wright, K.J. Surrey : BCPC Registered Office; 1991. Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds v. 2: p. 813-820; 1991. Conference held November 18-21, 1991, Brighton, England. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Uk; Triticum aestivum; Galium aparine; Plant density; No-tillage; Cultivation; Herbicides; Weed control 103 NAL Call. No.: 1.9 P69P Effects of fallow and of summer and winter crops on survival of wheat pathogens in crop residues. Fernandez, M.R.; Fernandes, J.M.; Sutton, J.C. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1993 Jul. Plant disease v. 77 (7): p. 698-703; 1993 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Rio grande do sul; Triticum; Gibberella zeae; Cochliobolus sativus; Leptosphaeria nodorum; Survival; Crop residues; Fallow; Sequential cropping; Conservation tillage; Incidence; Populations 104 NAL Call. No.: HD1775.S8E262 no.91-1 Effects of including alfalfa in whole-farm plans comparison of conventional, ridge till, and alternative farming systems. Mends, Clarence; Dobbs, Thomas L. South Dakota State University, Economics Dept Brookings, S.D. : Economics Dept., South Dakota State University,; 1991. ii, 21 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (Eco nomics staff paper series ; no. 91-1.). April 1991. Includes bibliographical references (p. 21). Language: English Descriptors: Agricultural systems; Alternative agriculture; Alfalfa; Tillage 105 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16 The effects of nitrogen, row spacing and seeding rate on the yield of flax under a zero-till production system. Lafond, G.P. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1993 Apr. Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de phytotechnie v. 73 (2): p. 375-382; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saskatchewan; Linum usitatissimum; No-tillage; Row spacing; Sowing rates; Crop density; Crop establishment; Crop yield; Ammonium nitrate; Ammonium phosphates; Application rates; Plant height 106 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Effects of planting dates and tillage systems on the economics of hard red winter wheat production. Epplin, F.M.; Beck, D.E.; Krenzer, E.G. Jr; Heer, W.F. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1993 Jan. Journal of production agriculture v. 6 (1): p. 57-62; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oklahoma; Triticum aestivum; Sowing date; Tillage; No-tillage; Comparisons; Crop yield; Economic analysis; Risk 107 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Effects of strip intercropping and no-tillage on some pest and beneficial invertebrates of corn in Ohio. Tonhasca, A. Jr; Stinner, B.R. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Oct. Environmental entomology v. 20 (5): p. 1251-1258; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ohio; Zea mays; Agrotis ipsilon; Mythimna unipuncta; Slugs; Diabrotica virgifera; Ostrinia nubilalis; Intercropping; No-tillage; Predators of insect pests; Biological control agents Abstract: We tested two agronomic practices that are likely to increase plant and structural diversity, no-tillage and strip intercropping, for effects on corn invertebrate fauna. Some of the most common herbivores and natural enemies were sampled by direct counts and damage estimation from 1988 through 1990 on monoculture corn and strips of corn alternated with soybean, under no- tillage and conventional tillage. Among soil pests, cut-worms (mostly the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)); armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth); and slugs (Gastropoda) were more abundant in no-tillage plots, although only slugs caused severe damage. The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, and the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubitalis (Hubner), were generally more abundant in conventional tillage plots. Despite crop rotation, the strip-intercropping system (four rows of each crop) was less effective in reducing western corn rootworm infestation, especially in conventional tillage plots. In 1990 only, ladybugs (mostly Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer)) were more abundant in conventional tillage plots, whereas tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), were more abundant in no-tillage plots. Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman; stink bugs, Acrosternum hilare (Say) and Euschistus serous (Say); and spiders (Aranea) were not significantly affected by treatments. 108 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Effects of tillage and application method on clomazone, imazaquin, and imazethapyr persistence. Curran, W.S.; Liebl, R.A.; Simmons, F.W. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jul. Weed science v. 40 (3): p. 482-489; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Glycine max; Rotations; Zea mays; Weed control; Chemical control; Clomazone; Imazaquin; Imazethapyr; Persistence; Residual effects; Crop damage; Phytotoxicity; No-tillage; Minimum tillage; Plowing; Application methods Abstract: Effects of tillage and herbicide application method on the persistence and residual activity of clomazone, imazaquin, and imazethapyr were investigated in a 2-yr field study. Herbicides were applied preemergence and preplant incorporated to conventional- and reduced-tillage soybeans in 1987 and 1988. Herbicide dissipation was monitored using chromatographic and bioassay techniques. In 1987, dissipation rates for clomazone, imazaquin, and imazethapyr were similar, regardless of tillage system or application method. In 1988, all three herbicides applied preplant incorporated dissipated more slowly than in preemergence treatments. Corn planted in rotation in 1989 displayed greater levels of injury in the incorporated treatments for all three herbicides. Although herbicide concentrations were similar 322 d following application in both tillage treatments in 1989, corn injury was greater with imazaquin and imazethapyr and less with clomazone in the reduced-tillage plots than in the conventional-tillage treatments. 109 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W412 Effects of tillage, application time and rate on metribuzin dissipation. Sorenson, B.A.; Shea, P.J.; Roeth, F.W. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Dec. Weed research v. 31 (6): p. 335-345; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nebraska; Glycine max; Zea mays; Triticum aestivum; Rotations; Weed control; Metribuzin; Application date; Application methods; Application rates; Tillage; No-tillage; Crop yield; Herbicide residues; Silt loam soils 110 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Effects of tillage on vertical distribution and viability of weed seed in soil. Yenish, J.P.; Doll, J.D.; Buhler, D.D. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jul. Weed science v. 40 (3): p. 429-433; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Wisconsin; Chenopodium album; Annuals; Weeds; Seeds; Seed banks; Weed biology; Seed germination; Population dynamics; Spatial distribution; Tillage; No-tillage; Conservation tillage; Plowing Abstract: The effect of different levels of tillage and weed management on population, distribution, and germination of weed seed was evaluated in three tillage systems at Arlington and Hancock, WI, in 1989 and 1990. Over 60% of all weed seed in the top 19 cm of soil were found in the top 1 cm in no-tillage at both sites. As depth increased, concentration of weed seed declined logarithmically in no-tillage. In chisel plowing, over 30% of seed were in the top 1 cm and seed concentration decreased linearly with depth. Moldboard plowing had uniform distribution of weed seed in the top 19 cm of soil. Preemergence metolachlor plus atrazine decreased weed seed population by 50% compared with no treatment over all tillage systems. One year of the herbicide treatment plus handweeding to assure weed-free conditions did not reduce seed numbers in chisel plowing or moldboard plowing compared to herbicide alone. Seed numbers with no-tillage and weed-free conditions decreased by 40% relative to herbicide alone. Common lambsquarters germination was 40% greater in moldboard plowing and chisel plowing compared with no-tillage. Germination was highest in seed taken from 9 to 19 cm deep in moldboard plowing and from 0 to 9 cm deep in chisel plowing. 111 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16 The effects of tillage systems on the economic performance of spring wheat, winter wheat, flax and field pea production in east-central Saskatchewan. Lafond, G.P.; Zentner, R.P.; Geremia, R.; Derksen, D.A. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1993 Jan. Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de phytotechnie v. 73 (1): p. 47-54; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saskatchewan; Pisum sativum; Linum usitatissimum; Triticum aestivum; Fallow systems; Minimum tillage; No-tillage; Rotations; Stubble cultivation; Sustainability; Cost benefit analysis 112 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Effects of weed and invertebrate control on alfalfa establishment in oat stubble. Stout, W.L.; Byers, R.A.; Leath, K.T.; Bahler, C.C.; Hoffman, L.D. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jul. Journal of production agriculture v. 5 (3): p. 349-352; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Medicago sativa; Crop establishment; Avena sativa; Stubble; Conservation; No-tillage; Pest control; Weeds; Slugs; Insect pests; Seeds; Seedlings; Growth analysis 113 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Efficiency and economics of herbicides for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) control in no-till spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Donald, W.W.; Prato, T. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Apr. Weed science v. 40 (2): p. 233-240; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; No-tillage; Weed control; Chemical control; Cirsium arvense; Chlorsulfuron; Clopyralid; 2,4-d; Mcpa; Bromoxynil; Herbicide mixtures; Application rates; Perennial weeds; Adventitious roots; Buds; Cost benefit analysis; Returns Abstract: The objective of this field research was to compare relative effectiveness and profitability of alternative herbicides applied to the same plots for four consecutive years for controlling and reducing dense Canada thistle infestations in no-till spring wheat. Chlorsulfuron at 30 g ai ha-1 plus nonionic surfactant or clopyralid plus 2,4-D at 70 plus 280 g ae ha-1, respectively, applied annually for 4 yr controlled Canada thistle and was more effective for gradually reducing Canada thistle stands than 2,4-D at 560 g ae ha-1, MCPA plus bromoxynil at 280 plus 280 g ae ha-1, or tribenuron at 20 g ai ha-1. Chlorsulfuron and clopyralid plus 2,4-D also controlled Canada thistle greater than or equal to 90% earlier (by 2 yr) than other treatments. Stochastic dominance analysis, a form of economic analysis, predicted that either chlorsulfuron or clopyralid plus 2,4-D would be preferred by farmers to the untreated check, MCPA plus bromoxynil, or 2,4-D treatments. Chlorsulfuron also would be preferred to clopyralid plus 2,4-D by risk-neutral farmers, whereas clopyralid plus 2,4-D would be preferred to chlorsulfuron by highly risk-averse farmers, those who are most likely to pick only consistently effective herbicides. 114 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Energy utilization as affected by traffic in conservation and conventional tillage systems. Burt, E.C.; Reeves, D.W.; Raper, R.L. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1992. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences v. 1: p. 502-504; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium; Energy consumption; Conservation tillage; Tillage 115 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Enhancing soil conservation practice adoption with targeted educational programs. Dickey, E.C.; Shelton, D.P.; Jasa, P.J. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Jan. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (1): p. 91-96; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nebraska; Soil conservation; Erosion; Conservation tillage; Educational programs Abstract: Two independent, but closely related, grant funded educational programs were developed and implemented to reduce soil erosion in selected areas of eastern Nebraska. Traditional extension programming methods as well as other more non-traditional approaches were used extensively to enhance soil conservation practice adoption. In one program, encompassing 220 000 ha (540,000 acre) of cropland, annual soil erosion was reduced by 2.3 million t (2.5 million ton) and annual fuel savings of 1.5 million L (390,000 gal) were achieved through a reduction in the number of tillage operations. In the second project, more than 93 000 m (305,000 ft) of terraces were constructed, which resulted in an annual soil erosion reduction of 151 000 t (166,000 ton). These projects demonstrated that targeted conservation programs can be very effective. 116 NAL Call. No.: S590.S65 Erosion risk assessment for soil conservation planning. Thomas, A.W.; Snyder, W.M.; Mills, W.C.; Dillard, A.L. Cremlingen-Destedt, W. Ger. : CATENA Verlag; 1991 Dec. Soil technology v. 4 (4): p. 373-389; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Erosion; Risk; Assessment; Uncertainty; Soil conservation; Planning; Universal soil loss equation; Soil; Losses from soil systems; Seasonal variation; Probability; Climatic factors; Seasonal fluctuations; Probability analysis; Simulation; Glycine max; Monoculture; Fallow; Tillage; No-tillage; Conservation tillage; Coverage; Crop residues; Planting date 117 NAL Call. No.: S561.6.A82E96 Estimating 1993 production costs in Arkansas: soybeans--no-till, following wheat, loamy soils, flood irrigation. Windham, T.E.; Stuart, C.A. Fayetteville, Ark.?: The Service; 1992 Nov. Extension technical bulletin - UA Cooperative Extension Service (185): 8 p.; 1992 Nov. Language: English Descriptors: Arkansas; Glycine max; Production costs; Estimation; Farm budgeting; Loam soils; Flood irrigation; Triticum aestivum; No-tillage; Rotations 118 NAL Call. No.: S67.P82 An evaluation of conservation tillage systems for cotton on the Macon Ridge. Baton Rouge, La.? : The Service; 1991 Dec. Publication - Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service (2460): 23 p.; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Louisiana; Gossypium hirsutum; Conservation tillage; Field tests; Crop yield; Cost benefit analysis; Herbicides; Insect control 119 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Evaluation of cotton growth in ridge till systems Southeast Missouri. Mobley, J.B.; Albers, D.W. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1993. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences. p. 508-509; 1993. Meeting held January 10-14, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana. Language: English Descriptors: Missouri; Gossypium hirsutum; Ridging 120 NAL Call. No.: NBULD3656 1992 B347 Evaluation of opener and presswheel combinations on a no-till grain drill when seeding wheat.. University of Nebraska--Lincoln thesis : Agricultural Engineering Bahri, Abdeljabar 1992; 1992. viii, 111 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 28 cm. Includes bibliographical references. Language: English 121 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Fall-applied herbicides for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) root and root bud control in reduced-till spring wheat. Donald, W.W. Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Apr. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 6 (2): p. 252-261; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Perennial weeds; Weed control; Chemical control; Cirsium arvense; Adventitious roots; Buds; Root systems; Dicamba; Bromoxynil; Chlorsulfuron; 2,4-d; Mcpa 122 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Fallow method affects downy brome population in winter wheat. Tanaka, D.L.; Anderson, R.L. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jan. Journal of production agriculture v. 5 (1): p. 117-119; 1992 Jan. Paper presented at a symposium on "Ecology and Management of Grazing Systems" presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, January 14-19, 1991, San Francisco, California. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Montana; Triticum aestivum; Winter wheat; Bromus tectorum; Population change; Stubble mulching; Minimum tillage; No-tillage; Fallow 123 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU792 Farming duplex soils: a farmer's perspective. Edwards, I. East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1992. Australian journal of experimental agriculture v. 32 (7): p. 811-814; 1992. Special issue: Crop production on duplex soils. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Western australia; Trifolium subterraneum; Triticum; Crop management; Duplex soils; Minimum tillage; Rotations; Sustainability; Weed control; Fungus control; Gaeumannomyces graminis; Crop yield 124 NAL Call. No.: 100 SO82 (3) Farming system studies. Woodard, H.; Claypool, D.; Smolik, J.; Rickerl, D. Brookings, S.D. : The Station; 1991. TB - Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University (97): 3 p. (soil PR 90-13); 1991. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; Rotations; Minimum tillage; Nutrient content 125 NAL Call. No.: 100 SO82 (3) Farming systems, 1991: 1991 crop yields. Smolik, J. Brookings, S.D. : The Station; 1992 Oct. TB - Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University (99): 8 p.; 1992 Oct. In the series analytic: Soil science research in the Plant Science Department : 1991 Annual Report. Soil PR 91-4. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; Farming systems research; Crop yield; Plant diseases; Rotations; Rain; Conservation tillage; Herbicides; Weed control 126 NAL Call. No.: 100 SO82 (3) Farming systems studies, 1990: overview and cultural practices. Smolik, J.; Gerwing, J.; Hall, B.; Rickerl, D.; Schumacher, T.; Woodard, H.; Wrage, L. Brookings, S.D. : The Station; 1991. TB - Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University (97): 9 p. (soil PR 90-30); 1991. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; Rotations; Minimum tillage; Field crops; Crop yield; Soil properties 127 NAL Call. No.: 100 SO82 (3) Farming systems studies, 1991. Brookings, S.D. : The Station; 1992 Oct. TB - Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University (99): 6 p.; 1992 Oct. In the series analytic: Soil science research in the Plant Science Department : 1991 Annual Report. Soil PR 91-3. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; Farming systems research; Rotations; Conservation tillage; Alternative farming; Minimum tillage; Row tillage; Crop yield; Cost benefit analysis 128 NAL Call. No.: aS604.F37 1993 Farming with crop residues. United States, Soil Conservation Service Champaign, Ill. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service,; 1993; A 57.2:F 22/8. 33 p. : ill. ; 16 cm. Cover title. Shipping list no.: 93-0227-P. "January 1993"--P. [4] of cover. "CRM-190-11-12"--P. [4] of cover. Language: English; English Descriptors: Crop residue management; Conservation tillage 129 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Fate of eggs of first-generation Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in three conservation tillage systems. Andow, D.A. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Apr. Environmental entomology v. 21 (2): p. 388-393; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Minnesota; Zea mays; Ostrinia nubilalis; Ova; Chrysopa; Trichogramma; Predation; Parasites of insect pests; Conservation tillage Abstract: Percentage hatch, chewing predation, Chrysopa sp. predation, other sucking predation, and parasitism by Trichogramma sp. of egg masses of first-generation Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) were estimated in spring chisel plow, ridge tillage, and no-tillage maize, Zea mays L., in southeastern Minnesota during 1986 and 1987. Tillage plots were split with and without terbufos application and with and without Bacillus thuringiensis-permethrin application in all combinations. Egg masses from laboratory reared O. nubilalis were exposed to natural enemies in the field eight times during the oviposition period of first-generation O. nubilalis, and population densities of Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer were estimated. Parasitism was 0.6% and predation was low during 1986. During 1987, chewing predation was highest in the chisel-plow system and lowest in the no-tillage system; Chrysopa sp. predation was lowest in the chisel-plow system and highest in the no-tillage system. C. maculata population densities were highest in the chisel-plow system and lowest in the no-tillage system, and chewing predation was positively related to C. maculata density. Predation by other unknown chewing predators was also higher in the chisel-plow system and lowest in the no-tillage system. The inverse relation between chewing and Chrysopa sp. predation was probably related to species-specific responses to the tillage environments. 130 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Feasibility of no-tillage and ridge tillage systems in the Northeastern USA. Cox, W.J.; Otis, D.J.; Van Es, H.M.; Gaffney, F.B.; Snyder, D.P.; Reynolds, K.R.; Van der Grinten, M. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jan. Journal of production agriculture v. 5 (1): p. 111-117; 1992 Jan. Paper presented at a symposium on "Ecology and Management of Grazing Systems" presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, January 14-19, 1991, San Francisco, California. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New York; Zea mays; No-tillage; Conservation tillage; Tillage; Plowing; Crop density; Crop yield; Feasibility studies 131 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Fertilization practices in conservation tillage. Denton, P. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1993. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences. p. 113-116; 1993. Meeting held January 10-14, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage; Fertilizer technology 132 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Fertilizer management effect on recovery of labeled nitrogen by continuous no- till. Timmons, D.R.; Baker, J.L. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 May23. Agronomy journal v. 84 (3): p. 490-496; 1992 May23. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Zea mays; Continuous cropping; No-tillage; Nitrogen fertilizers; Use efficiency; Application rates; Radioactive tracers; Application methods; Crop yield Abstract: Improved fertilizer N management with respect to placement and timing is especially important in high-residue systems designed to improve N- use efficiency and to speed adoption of erosion controlling tillage practices. By means of point-injection technology, fertilizer solutions now can be applied and soil-incorporated with minimal disturbance of surface residue or existing plants. This study was conducted in large non-weighing lysimeters (with reconstituted soil horizons) to determine the recovery of 15N- labeled urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution by continuous no-till corn (Zea mays L.) during the initial year of application and two subsequent years for four N management systems. The UAN solution was point-injected in split applications at rates of 125 or 200 kg N ha-1, or knifed-in or surface-banded right after plant emergence at 200 kg N ba-1. For the initial year of 15N application, the percent recovery of labeled N (NR) in grain was 48, 39, 33, and 30% for point-injected (low rate/split), point-injected (high rate/split), knifed-in, and surface-banded, respectively. The percentage of total grain N derived from labeled N (Nf) ranged from 57 to 67% and was in the order of point-injected (high rate/split) > knifed-in > point-injected (low rate/split) > surface-banded. Residual labeled N recovery in grain ranged from 2.3 to 4.6% for the second season and from 0.9 to 1.0% for the third season with no significant differences among application treatments for either season. After rive seasons the NR values for labeled N determined in the soil N pool still ranged from 20 to 26%. UAN solution applied in split applications with the point injector was used more efficiently by corn than when knifed-in or surface-banded in a single application, indicating the point-injection/split application system is an option for improved N management in no-till corn. 133 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Fertilizer placement and tillage effects of nitrogen assimilation by wheat. Rao, S.C.; Dao, T.H. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Nov. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy v. 84 (6): p. 1028-1032; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oklahoma; Triticum aestivum; Seasonal fluctuations; Nutrient uptake; Nitrogen; Assimilation; Nitrogen fertilizers; Placement; Application rates; Phosphorus fertilizers; No-tillage; Tillage; Nitrate nitrogen; Use efficiency; Crude protein; Plant composition; Crop yield; Grain; Wheat straw; Nitrogen metabolism Abstract: Little information is available concerning tillage effects on seasonal N accumulation and their effect on wheat yield. Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of fertilizer N placement and tillage practices on the reduction and assimilation of N in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during 1984 through 1987 on Renfrow silt loam (fine, mixed, thermic, Uderic, Paleustolls) near El Reno, OK. Fertilizer N (50 kg ha-1) and P (60 kg ha-1) including 4 kg N ha(-1) and 11 kg P ha(-1), with the seed was applied in the fall. In the spring, an additional 50 to 100 kg N ha(-1) as ammonium nitrate was either broadcast or placed in narrow bands on the soil surface. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity, NO3-N, and crude protein (CP) content of wheat plants were determined periodically during spring growth until anthesis, and final grain and straw yield and their CP contents were determined. The NR activity in early spring was slightly greater during early spring in plants grown under no-till when compared to conventional till in 1985 and 1986, whereas the reverse was observed in 1987. lncreased NR activity was paralleled by an increase in vegetative CP. Placement of N in a narrow band on the soil surface in the spring improved NR activity levels, but the effect of N placement had little effect on CP concentration. Grain yield followed NR activity levels and was 36% higher in no-till in 1985, similar in 1986, but 51% lower in 1987 than conventionally tilled plots. Placement of N in narrow bands increased N-use efficiency by increasing N reduction and assimilation; but had little effect on the yield of grain and straw in both tillage methods. 134 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 IL62C Field and forage crops. Henn, T.; Weinzierl, R.; Gray, M.; Steffey, K. Urbana, Ill. : The Service; 1991 Feb. Circular - University of Illinois, Cooperative Extension Service (1307): 26 p.; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Field crops; Fodder crops; Pest management; Insecticides; Insect pests; Rotations; Pest resistance; Trap crops; Conservation tillage 135 NAL Call. No.: 275.8 AG8 A field based model for adult education in agriculture. Bruening, T.H.; Martin, R.A. Henry, Ill. : The Magazine; 1991 Apr. The Agricultural education magazine v. 63 (10): p. 8-9; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Agricultural education; Adult education; Program development; Program evaluation; Conservation tillage 136 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16 Foliar disease development in no-till winter wheat: influence of agronomic practices on powdery mildew development. Tompkins, D.K.; Wright, A.T.; Fowler, D.B. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1992 Jul. Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de phytotechnie v. 72 (3): p. 965-972; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saskatchewan; Triticum aestivum; Fungus control; Cultivars; Interactions; Nitrogen fertilizers; No-tillage; Row spacing; Sowing rates 137 NAL Call. No.: S592.17.A73A74 Fractionation of micronutrient cations in a selected Saudi Arabian soil subjected to different tillage practices. Falatah, A.M. Washington, DC : Taylor & Francis; 1993 Jan. Arid soil research and rehabilitation v. 7 (1): p. 63-70; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saudi arabia; Calcareous soils; Conservation tillage; Tillage; No- tillage; Harrowing; Chiselling; Plowing; Discing; Comparisons; Zinc; Copper; Manganese; Iron; Cations; Chemical speciation; Distribution; Nutrient availability; Soil organic matter; Soil ph; Cation exchange capacity 138 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Genotype-by-tillage interactions in hard red winter wheat quality evaluation. Cox, D.J.; Shelton, D.R. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jul. Agronomy Journal v. 84 (4): p. 627-630; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Dakota; Triticum aestivum; Winter wheat; Genotypes; Genotype environment interaction; No-tillage; Tillage; Conservation tillage; Variety trials; Varietal reactions; Crop yield; Crop quality; Wheat flour; Baking quality; Breadmaking; Protein content Abstract: Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown under both conventional-till and conservation-till systems in the Northern Great Plains. A benefit of sowing winter wheat into standing stubble is the protection the crop receives from trapped snow and the resultant reduction in winter kill. A 5-yr study was conducted at four locations in North Dakota to measure cultivar-by-tillage interactions for quality parameters of wheat and to determine whether testing under both conventional-till and no-till systems was advantageous. Fourteen hard red winter wheat cultivars were planted during 1984-1985 through 1988-1989 in a Max loam (fine-loamy, mixed, Typic Haploborolls) at both Williston and Minot, in a Svea loam (fine-loamy, mixed, Pachic Udic Haploborolls) at Langdon, and in a Bearden silty clay (fine-silty, frigid, Aeric Caldaquolls) or Gardena silty loam (coarse-silty, mixed, Pachic Udic Haploborolts) at Fargo. Significant cultivar-by-tillage interactions (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) were obtained for volume weight, protein content, and flour when the analysis was restricted to environments in which wheat winter killed. A change in rank order of cultivars was detected only for volume weight. For the other quality parameters measured, evaluation of winter wheats grown in conventional-till and no-till plots resulted in similar relative performance of cultivars. 139 NAL Call. No.: 100 SO82S 'Good' and 'bad' years in one. Beck, D. Brookings, S.D. : The Station; 1992. South Dakota farm & home research - South Dakota, Agricultural Experiment Station v. 43 (1): p. 15-17; 1992. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; Irrigation; Rotations; Conservation tillage 140 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Grain rye residues and weed control strategies in reduced tillage potatoes. Lanfranconi, L.E.; Bellinder, R.R.; Wallace, R.W. Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 7 (1): p. 23-28; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New York; Cabt; Solanum tuberosum; Minimum tillage; Tillage; Crop residues; Secale cereale; Weed control; Galinsoga ciliata; Chemical control; Linuron; Metolachlor; Metribuzin; Application rates; Crop yield; Tubers 141 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Grain rye residues and weed control strategies in reduced tillage potatoes. Lanfranconi, L.E.; Bellinder, R.R.; Wallace, R.W. Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Oct. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 6 (4): p. 1021-1026; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New York; Cabt; Solanum tuberosum; Tillage; Minimum tillage; Secale cereale; Linuron; Metolachlor; Hilling; Metribuzin; Efficacy; Crop yield; Weed control; Amaranthus retroflexus; Chenopodium album; Galinsoga ciliata; Chemical control; Cultural control 142 NAL Call. No.: S604.G78 1991 A Guide to ridge-till in the Central Plains. Hodson, Eric Servi-Tech, Inc Topeka, KS : Lone Tree Pub. Co.,; 1991. 73 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. Language: English Descriptors: Ridge-till 143 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Habitat and food preferences of Allonemobius allardi (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and potential damage to alfalfa in conservation-tillage systems. Jacobs, S.B.; Byers, R.A.; Anderson, S.G. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (5): p. 1933-1939; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Medicago sativa; Crop damage; Dactylis glomerata; Weeds; Gryllidae; Food preferences; Habitats; Conservation tillage Abstract: Population estimates of the cricket Allonemobius allardi (Alexander & Thomas) in orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata L.; alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.; and weedy fields revealed significantly lower cricket densities for alfalfa compared with orchardgrass and weed fields. However, densities were not significantly different between orchardgrass and weed fields despite a considerable dissimilarity in vegetative composition. Laboratory feeding studies suggest that crickets preferred to forage on the substrate and had difficulty recognizing preferred food plants that were elevated above the substrate. Crickets preferred alfalfa to bluegrass, thatch, or oats, but preferred bluegrass to thatch. No significant difference in feeding was observed between whole alfalfa leaves and alfalfa leaf disks when both were placed horizontally on the testing arena substrate. The contents of crops from field-collected crickets showed Alternaria, rust spores, and fungi occur relatively frequently but do not account for a substantial percentage of cricket crop contents. Legumes and dandelion also occur with a moderately high frequency and are a major component of crop contents. Cage tests in glasshouse and field showed one to two cricket adults per 0.09 m2 reduced alfalfa seedling numbers by 1-20% in the 2 wk from seedling emergence to formation of the first trifoliate in conservation-tillage systems when alfalfa was planted in oat stubble. 144 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5 Habitat use patterns by the seven-spotted lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in a diverse agricultural landscape. Maredia, K.M.; Gage, S.H.; Landis, D.A.; Scriber, J.M. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Jun. Biological control v. 2 (2): p. 159-165; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Michigan; Coccinella septempunctata; Biological control agents; Habitats; Zea mays; Triticum aestivum; Populus; Medicago sativa; Insect control; Tillage; No-tillage; Habitat selection; Prey; Aphidoidea; Availability; Ecology 145 NAL Call. No.: 57.8 SO4 Helping producers with conservation compliance. O'Brien-Wray, K. St. Louis, Mo. : Solutions Magazine; 1992 Mar. Solutions v. 36 (3): p. 18-22; 1992 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; U.S.A.; Conservation tillage; Soil conservation; Legislation; Surveys; Crop residues 146 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Hemp dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum) and wild blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) control in no-tillage corn (Zea mays). Glenn, S.; Anderson, N.G. Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 7 (1): p. 47-51; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Maryland; Cabt; Zea mays; No-tillage; Weed control; Apocynum cannabinum; Rubus allegheniensis; Chemical control; Herbicide mixtures; 2,4-d; Dicamba; Triclopyr; Oils; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Crop yield; Grain; Phytotoxicity; Crop damage; Application rates 147 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Herbicide comparisons on quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) within different crop competition and tillage conditions. Harker, K.N.; O'Sullivan, P.A. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jan. Weed science v. 41 (1): p. 94-99; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Canada; Cabt; Elymus repens; Crop weed competition; Tillage; No- tillage; Cloproxydim; Fluazifop; Haloxyfop; Quizalofop; Sethoxydim; Application rates; Weed control; Efficiency Abstract: Five herbicides (cloproxydim, fluazifop, haloxyfop, quizalofop, and sethoxydim) were compared from 1984 to 1988 at 250 and 400 g ha-1 for controlling quackgrass within different crop competition and tillage conditions at the Lacombe Research Station. Crop competition usually augmented quackgrass control with the herbicides in conventional-tillage plots although direct statistical comparisons were not made. Without crop competition, haloxyfop and quizalofop at 250 g ha-1 were more effective than the other herbicides in conventional tillage 1 mo after treatment (MAT). In a conventional-tillage situation on a unit active ingredient basis, the herbicides ranked in order of decreasing activity as follows: quizalofop greater than or equal to haloxyfop > fluazifop > cloproxydim > sethoxydim. In a zero-tillage situation, none of the herbicides reduced quackgrass shoot weights by 50% 3 MAT. However, haloxyfop and quizalofop were more effective in suppressing quackgrass shoot weight than the other herbicides in the zero-tillage experiments 3 MAT. 148 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Herbicide programs in no-tillage and conventional-tillage soybeans (Glycine max) double cropped after wheat (Triticum aestivum). Sims, B.D.; Guethle, D.R. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Apr. Weed science v. 40 (2): p. 255-263; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Triticum aestivum; Glycine max; Double cropping; No- tillage; Tillage; Weed control; Chemical control; Alachlor; Linuron; Metribuzin; Sethoxydim; Xanthium strumarium; Pharbitis hederacea; Digitaria sanguinalis; Amaranthus hybridus; Application date; Timing; Herbicide mixtures; Plant density; Weeds Abstract: Postemergence and commonly used preemergence plus postemergence herbicide programs were evaluated for weed control in conventional and no-tillage soybeans double cropped after winter wheat in the northern Mississippi River Delta. Broadleaf weed species present varied with tillage, location, and year. Large crabgrass was present in both tillage systems for all locations and years. Conventional tillage usually resulted in higher densities of large crabgrass, common cocklebur, and smooth pigweed. Soil-applied preemergence herbicides alone did not provide season-long ivyleaf and entireleaf morningglory or common cocklebur control in either tillage system. For weed control and soybean yields comparable to weed-free controls, postemergence broadleaf herbicides were required in both tillage systems following the soil-applied herbicide programs, alachlor plus linuron and alachlor plus metribuzin. Postemergence herbicide programs provided excellent season-long annual grass and broadleaf weed control when sethoxydim was applied separately from the broadleaf herbicides. Antagonism of large crabgrass control resulted when sethoxydim was tank mixed with postemergence broadleaf herbicides, compared to separate applications of the postemergence grass and broadleaf herbicides. In three out of four studies, soybean yields in handweeded controls were similar between tillage systems. 149 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Imazethapyr for weed control in no-till soybean (Glycine max). Lueschen, W.E.; Hoverstad, T.R. Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1991 Oct. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 5 (4): p. 845-851; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Minnesota; Glycine max; No-tillage; Weed control; Chemical control; Imazethapyr; Metribuzin; Abutilon theophrasti; Amaranthus retroflexus; Chenopodium album; Setaria faberi; Herbicide mixtures; Application date; Timing; Split dressings 150 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 SO8 (P) Impact of continuous no-tillage on weed management. Witt, W.W. Raleigh, N.C. : The Society :.; 1991. Proceedings - Southern Weed Science Society v. 44: p. 70-72; 1991. Paper presented at the meeting on "Perception: Fact or Fiction", held January 14-16, 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Language: English Descriptors: No-tillage; Weed control; Pest management 151 NAL Call. No.: HD1775.O5C87 Impacts of alternative winter wheat planting dates on grain yield and economics for no-till and coventional tillage systems. Epplin, F.M.; Beck, D.E.; Krenzer, E.G. Jr Stillwater, Okla. : The Station; 1991 Sep. Current farm economics - Agricultural Experiment Station, Division of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University v. 64 (3): p. 3-12; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oklahoma; Triticum aestivum; No-tillage; Planting date; Crop yield; Production costs; Economic evaluation 152 NAL Call. No.: S590.C63 In situ labeling of legume residues with a foliar application of a 15N-enriched urea solution. Zebarth, B.J.; Alder, V.; Sheard, R.W. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1991. Communications in soil science and plant analysis v. 22 (5/6): p. 437-447; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: British Columbia; Medicago sativa; Trifolium pratense; Legumes; Plant residues; Urea fertilizers; Foliar application; Isotope labeling; Nitrogen; No-tillage; Nutrient content; Plant nutrition; Silt loam soils; Crop yield 153 NAL Call. No.: 464.8 P56 Incidence of Bipolaris and Fusarium on subcrown internodes of spring barley and wheat grown in continuous conservation tillage. Windels, C.E.; Wiersma, J.V. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1992 Jun. Phytopathology v. 82 (6): p. 699-705; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hordeum vulgare; Triticum aestivum; Cochliobolus sativus; Fusarium; Gibberella acuminata; Gibberella avenacea; Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella zeae; Cultivars; Pathogenicity; Minimum tillage; Chiselling; Tillage; Quantitative analysis; Internodes; Genetic variation 154 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 J822 Infiltration in a Piedmont soil under three tillage systems. Freese, R.C.; Cassel, D.K.; Denton, H.P. Ankeny, Iowa : Soil and Water Conservation Society of America; 1993 May. Journal of soil and water conservation v. 48 (3): p. 214-218; 1993 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Zea mays; Infiltration; No-tillage; Chiselling; Plowing; Discing; Conservation tillage; Temporal variation; Soil compaction; Crop yield 155 NAL Call. No.: 450 C16 Influence of agronomic practices on canopy microclimate and septoria development in no-till winter wheat produced in the Parkland region of Saskatchewan. Tompkins, D.K.; Fowler, D.B.; Wright, A.T. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1993 Jan. Canadian journal of plant science; Revue canadienne de phytotechnie v. 73 (1): p. 331-344; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saskatchewan; Triticum aestivum; Agronomy; Canopy; Microclimate; Nitrogen; No-tillage; Row spacing; Septoria; Soil fertility; Sowing rates 156 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Influence of application time on bioactivity of imazethapyr in no-tillage soybean (Glycine max). Buhler, D.D.; Proost, R.T. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Jan. Weed science v. 40 (1): p. 122-126; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Wisconsin; Glycine max; No-tillage; Weed control; Chemical control; Imazethapyr; Application date; Seedling emergence; Timing; Application rates; Preplanting treatment; Metolachlor; Herbicide mixtures; Residual effects; Chenopodium album; Setaria faberi; Abutilon theophrasti; Conservation tillage; Crop yield Abstract: Field research was conducted at Arlington, WI, in 1988 and 1989 to determine the influence of application time on weed control and residue carryover with imazethapyr in no-tillage soybean production. Imazethapyr at greater than or equal to 55 g ai ha-1 applied early preplant controlled > 90% of the common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, and giant foxtail before no-tillage planting of soybean. Early preplant and sequential treatments with an early preplant component controlled greater than or equal to 88% of all weeds for the entire growing season. Delaying the initial imazethapyr application until immediately after soybean planting reduced weed control compared to the early preplant treatments. Low level of weed control with planting time treatments appeared to be due to a lack of control of common lambsquarters emerged at the time of imazethapyr application and dry weather following imazethapyr application. No soybean injury from imazethapyr was observed and differences in soybean yield appeared to be due to differences in weed control. No significant carryover of imazethapyr was detected through a corn bioassay in the field. 157 NAL Call. No.: S590.C63 Influence of cultivation on soil nitrogen pools. Antisari, L.V.; Marzadori, C.; Ciavatta, C.; Sequi, P. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1992. Communications in soil science and plant analysis v. 23 (5/6): p. 585-599; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Italy; Soil chemistry; Fixed ammonium; Nitrogen; Determination; Soil depth; Tillage; Minimum tillage; Soil analysis; Beta vulgaris; Zea mays; Triticum 158 NAL Call. No.: 1.9 P69P Influence of glyphosate on Rhizoctonia root rot, growth, and yield of barley. Smiley, R.W.; Ogg, A.G. Jr; Cook, R.J. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1992 Sep. Plant disease v. 76 (9): p. 937-942; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oregon; Washington; Hordeum vulgare; Rhizoctonia; Root rots; Population dynamics; Volunteer plants; Weed control; Glyphosate; Timing; Application date; Seasonal variation; Disease prevalence; Incidence; Crop yield; Crop damage; Direct sowing; Planting date; Mollisols; Growth analysis; No-tillage; Tillage 159 NAL Call. No.: 100 AR42F Influence of hairy vetch on weed control and soybean yield. Oliver, L.R.; Klingaman, T.E.; Eldridge, I.L. Fayetteville, Ark. : The Station; 1992 Sep. Arkansas farm research - Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station v. 41 (5): p. 8-9; 1992 Sep. Language: English Descriptors: Arkansas; Glycine max; Vicia villosa; Weed control; No-tillage; Experimental design; Crop yield; Herbicides 160 NAL Call. No.: S631.F422 The influence of tillage and cropping-intensity on cereal response to nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Rasmussen, P.E.; Douglas, C.L. Jr Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Jan. Fertilizer research : an international journal on fertilizer use and technology v. 31 (1): p. 15-19; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oregon; Triticum aestivum; Fallow; Hordeum vulgare; Rotations; Tillage; No-tillage; Use efficiency; Nitrogen; Sulfur; Phosphorus; Nutrient deficiencies; Ammonium thiosulfate; Ammonium nitrate; Ammonium sulfate; Monoammonium phosphate; Urea ammonium nitrate; Ammonium polyphosphates; Application rates; Responses; Crop yield; Grain Abstract: Efficient fertilizer use is a prerequisite for achieving optimum crop yield while avoiding environmental contamination. Cereal response to nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) were determined for 6 years under differing tillage [conventional-till (CT) vs. no-till (NT)] and intensity of cropping (cereal/fallow vs. cereal/cereal). Semidwarf white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) alternated yearly with either fallow or spring cereal [barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or spring wheat] on a Typic Haploxeroll soil in a 415 mm rainfall zone. Fertilizer treatments were no fertilizer (None), N only (N), N plus S (NS), and N plus S plus P (NSP). Average application rate, when applied, was 109 kg N, 18 kg S, and 11 kg P ha-1. Average cereal yield without fertilizer was 1.82 t ha-1. Nitrogen increased grain yield in 6 of 6, S in 4 of 6, and P in 3 of 6 years, with P and S response significant the remaining years at the 10% probability level. Average yield increases were 1.11 t ha-1 for N, 0.93 t ha-1 for S, and 0.47 t ha-1 for P. The NT/CT yield ratio was 0.60. 0.75. 0.93, and 0.95 with None, N, NS, and NSP addition, respectively, indicating that N and S deficiency were more severe in no-till. Limited increase in the NT/CT ratio with P addition indicated that P deficiency was less affected by tillage. Winter wheat always yielded less under NT than CT regardless of fertility, whereas spring cereals reached equality when fertilized with NSP. Annually-cropped wheat yielded 52, 67, 89, and 90% of wheat after fallow with None, N, NS, and NSP, respectively. Thus N and S, but not P, deficiency was more intense with increased frequency of cropping. Adequate fertility was a prime prerequisite for efficient yield in all systems. 161 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Influence of tillage, crop rotation, and weed management on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) population dynamics and corn yield. Schreiber, M.M. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992. Weed science v. 40 (4): p. 645-653; 1992. Paper presented at the "Symposium on crop/weed management and the dynamics of weed seedbanks," February 11, 1992, Orlando, Florida. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Indiana; Zea mays; Setaria faberi; Weed biology; Seed banks; Population density; Population dynamics; Plowing; No-tillage; Rotations; Allelopathy; Cropping systems; Crop yield; Weed control; Chemical control; Herbicides Abstract: A long-term integrated pest management study initiated in 1980 and continued through 1991 was conducted to determine interactions of tillage, crop rotation, and herbicide use levels on weed seed populations, weed populations, and crop yield. This paper presents giant foxtail seed population and stand along with corn yield in continuous corn, corn rotated with soybean, or corn following wheat in a soybean-wheat-corn rotation. Increasing herbicide use levels above the minimum reduced giant foxtail seed in the 0- to 2.5-cm depth of soil. Reducing tillage from conventional moldboard plowing to chiseling to no-tilling increased giant foxtail seed in only the top 0 to 2.5 cm of soil. No-tilling increased giant foxtail seed over conventional tillage in each year data were collected. Growing corn in a soybean-corn or soybean-wheat-corn rotation reduced giant foxtail seed from corn grown continuously in all three soil depths sampled: 0 to 2.5 cm, 2.5 to 10 cm, and 10 to 20 cm. Although stands of giant foxtail tended to follow soil weed seed counts, crop rotation significantly reduced giant foxtail stand with maximum reduction in the soybean-wheat-corn rotation in all tillage systems. Giant foxtail stands were reduced following wheat in no-tilling, probably because of the allelopathic influence of wheat straw. Corn yields showed weed management levels above minimum control are not justified regardless of tillage and crop rotation. 162 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Influence of tillage on soybean (Glycine max) herbicide carryover to grass and legume forage crops in Missouri. Walsh, J.D.; DeFelice, M.S.; Sims, B.D. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jan. Weed science v. 41 (1): p. 144-149; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Missouri; Cabt; Fodder crops; Tillage; No-tillage; Herbicides; Application rates; Persistence; Biomass production; Herbicide residues; Glycine max; Rotations Abstract: Studies were established in 1988, 1989, and 1990 at two locations in Missouri to study the influence of fall tillage and herbicides on carryover of several residual soybean herbicides to grass and legume forage crops. Chlorimuron, clomazone, imazaquin, imazethapyr, and metribuzin plus chlorimuron were applied at their registered and 2X-registered rates in soybeans. Forage crops were planted the following fall and spring after herbicide application and evaluated for carryover effects. Fall tillage did not influence the carryover potential of these herbicides. However, herbicides injured several of the rotational crops. This injury was crop species and herbicide specific. 163 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Influence of tillages and insect management systems in a cropping system study on the lower gulf coast of Texas. De Spain, R.R.; Benedict, J.H.; Landivar, J.A.; Eddleman, B.R.; Goynes, S.W.; Ring, D.R.; Parker, R.D.; Treacy, M.F. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1992. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences v. 2: p. 811-814; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Conservation tillage; Insect pests; Pest management; Cropping systems 164 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Influence of weed-control practices in the first crop on the tillage requirements for the succeeding crops in an upland rice-maize-cowpea cropping sequence. Elliot, P.C.; Moody, K. Guildford : Butterworths; 1991 Feb. Crop protection v. 10 (1): p. 28-33; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Philippines; Oryza sativa; Upland rice; Sequential cropping; Zea mays; Vigna unguiculata; Weeding; Hoeing; Manual weed control; Chemical control; Pendimethalin; No-tillage; Plowing; Harrowing; Crop yield; Grain; Cost benefit analysis 165 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Influence of winter cover crop suppression practices on seasonal abundance of armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), cover crop regrowth, and yield in no-till corn. Laub, C.A.; Luna, J.M. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1991 Apr. Environmental entomology v. 20 (2): p. 749-754; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Mythimna unipuncta; Secale cereale; Cover crops; No-tillage; Population dynamics; Insect control Abstract: Rye (Secale cereale L.), used as a winter cover crop, was killed by paraquat or by mowing with a bushog. In the early stages of subsequent no-till corn, abundance of armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth), was lower in the mowed treatment compared with the sprayed treatment in three of five fields and did not differ in another field. Over the duration of the first armyworm generation, cumulative armyworm-days in the sprayed treatment were greater than in the mowed treatment in three of five fields and did not differ in another field. Mowing the cover crop was 40% less expensive than spraying. Competition from rye regrowth in the mowed treatment did not diminish yields. Corn silage yields were increased by mowing (P = 0.07), and the average increase in net benefit from mowing the cover crop compared with spraying was $91-113/ba. Cover crop mowing may be an economical and effective means of managing armyworm populations in no-till corn. 166 NAL Call. No.: 10 OU8 Integrated farming: an ecological farming approach in European agriculture. El Titi, A. Oxon : C.A.B. International; 1992 Mar. Outlook on agriculture v. 21 (1): p. 33-39; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Europe; German federal republic; Farming systems research; Farm management; Integrated systems; Minimum tillage; Organic farming; Regulations 167 NAL Call. No.: S605.5.A43 Integrated resource management for sustained crop production in arid regions of India. Gupta, J.P.; Aggarwal, R.K. Greenbelt, Md. : Institute for Alternative Agriculture; 1992. American journal of alternative agriculture v. 7 (4): p. 157-160; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: India; Crop production; Sustainability; Agroforestry; Silvopastoral systems; Fuelwood; Cultivars; Plant disease control; Conservation tillage Abstract: In arid areas of western Rajasthan, major constraints responsible for low plant production include low and erratic rainfall, high evaporation, and low soil fertility, particularly with respect to organic carbon and nitrogen. These problems lead to acute shortages of grain, fodder and fuelwood. Sustainable crop and biomass production can be achieved through adoption of agroforestry, silvipastoral, and agrihorticultural systems. Integrated nutrient and moisture management practices can help in controlling pathogens and in improving the soil environment for higher sustained production. 168 NAL Call. No.: NBULD3656 1992 S76888 Integrated weed management for corn and soybeans grown in ridge-till and no-till systems. Stratman, Gail G. 1992; 1992. 138 leaves ; 28 cm. Includes bibliographical references. Language: English 169 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Integration of cereal cover crops in ridge-tillage corn (Zea mays) production. Eadie, A.G.; Swanton, C.J.; Shaw, J.E.; Anderson, G.W. Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jul. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 6 (3): p. 553-560; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Zea mays; Cultivars; Minimum tillage; Ridging; Cereals; Cover crops; Crop residues; Intercropping; Biomass production; Weed control; Crop establishment; Plant density; Crop yield 170 NAL Call. No.: SB351.P3P39 Interaction of tillage and cultivars in peanut production systems. Grichar, W.J.; Smith, O.D. Raleigh, N.C. : American Peanut Research and Education Society; 1992 Jul. Peanut science v. 19 (2): p. 95-98; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Arachis hypogaea; Cultivars; Genotypes; Tillage; No-tillage; Crop yield; Kernels; Corticium rolfsii; Blight; Disease prevalence; Dry farming 171 NAL Call. No.: QH84.8.B46 Invertebrates and nutrients in a Mediterranean vineyard mulched with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Favretto, M.R.; Paoletti, M.G.; Caporali, F.; Nannipieri, P.; Onnis, A.; Tomei, P.E. Berlin : Springer International; 1992. Biology and fertility of soils v. 14 (3): p. 151-158; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tuscany; Trifolium subterraneum; Vineyards; Vitis; Fertilizers; Application rates; Mulches; Nutrient availability; Soil arthropods; Soil fertility; Soil invertebrates; Calcium; Potassium; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Crop yield; No-tillage; Tillage; Comparisons; Soil management 172 NAL Call. No.: HT401.J68 Kinship and personal communication network influences on the adoption of agriculture conservation technology. Warriner, G.K.; Moul, T.M. Oxford : Pergamon Press Ltd; 1992 Jul. Journal of rural studies v. 8 (3): p. 279-291; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Conservation tillage; Innovation adoption; Kinship; Decision making; Communication; Diffusion of information; Farm surveys; Farm management Abstract: An analysis of personal communication network properties and kinship ownership arrangements of the farm provides further evidence of factors influencing the decision to adopt conservation tillage practices. Data from a mail survey of south-western Ontario, Canada, farmers demonstrate a positive connection between adoption of conservation forms of tillage and farming with a family member (other than spouse). Hypotheses relating to the structural properties of personal communications networks--connectedness, integration and diversity--are offered as potential explanations for the relation between kinship ownership and conservation adoption. Logistic regression reveals the positive influence of network connectedness on adoption and the negative influence of network integration, partially confirming that social network variables influence innovation adoption, but failing to account wholly for the influence of kin ownership arrangements in this decision. Kin members in the personal network lead to larger networks, as well as members who are more specialized and informed on innovative farming technologies. Alternatively, networks mainly comprised of kin are smaller and more integrated, both factors associated to lesser receptivity for innovative conservation forms of farming. The results are discussed in the context of the inconclusive findings to date of the influence of kin in the diffusion of innovations model for rural sociology. 173 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Land clearing and use in the humid Nigerian tropics. I. Soil physical properties. Ghuman, B.S.; Lal, R.; Shearer, W. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 Jan. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (1): p. 178-183; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nigeria; Ultisols--particle size distribution--soil density--bulk density--soil compaction--horizontal infiltration--land clearance--bulldozers--cropping systems--alley cropping--pastures--no-tillage--agroforestry Abstract: Soil physical properties are affected by land clearing use. Long-range planning in the humid tropics requires monitoring of these effects for an extended period of time. The effects of two land-clearing methods and six land-use systems on soil physical properties of an Ultisol were studied for 4 yr in the humid coastal belt of Nigeria. The land-clearing methods were bulldozer clearing with a shear blade and manual clearing. The six land-use systems were comprised of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)-based cropping, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)-based cropping, alley cropping, plantain (Musa spp.), pasture, and improved forestry, all under no-tillage. Soil physical properties were measured 90 d after clearing prior to planting, and at 2 and 4 yr after cropping. The soil texture of the 0-10 cm layer was not affected by clearing methods. Soil compaction increased to 30 cm with shear blade and 20 cm with manual clearing. With respect to the forested control, shear blade and manual clearing increased the bulk density in the 0- to 10-cm layer by 22 and 14%, respectively. nificantly more for the pasture than the other systems. Three months after clearing, the steady infiltration rates were 89, 20 and 32 cm h-1 in the forested control and shear-blade and manually cleared plots, respectively. Infiltration rate increased to 47 and 51 cm h-1 in the shear-blade cleared and increased to 290 and then decreased to 156 cm h-1 in the manually cleared plots after 2 and 4 yr cropping, respectively. 174 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Land clearing and use in the humid Nigerian tropics. II. Soil chemical properties. Ghuman, B.S.; Lal, R. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 Jan. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (1): p. 184-188; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nigeria; Ultisols; Exchangeable cations; Magnesium; Potassium; Soil ph; Calcium ions; Phosphorus; Nitrogen content; Soil organic matter; Land clearance; Bulldozers; Cropping systems; Alley cropping; Pastures; No-tillage; Windrows; Agroforestry Abstract: A 4-yr study was conducted to investigate the effects of land clearing and subsequent land use on chemical properties of an Ultisol at Okomu, southern Nigeria. After 1 yr of cropping, soil pH, available P, and exchangeable Ca, Mg and K in the topsoil (0-10 cm) were significantly higher in the windrow zones of the shear-blade-cleared plots than in the nonwindrow zones, manually cleared plots, or forested control. In manual clearing, the organic-C and total-N contents declined below that of the forested control with 3 yr of cropping. Soil pH after 4 yrs and exchangeable K after 2 and 4 yr of cropping were significantly higher in the pasture system than in the other systems. In a given system, pH, organic C, and available P decreased with cropping time. Total N decreased with cropping time in all systems but pasture where there was a little increase. The levels of exchangeable Ca+2 and Mg+2 also decreased with cropping duration in all systems except the alley cropping in which their concentrations increased. The K+ content decreased with time in all systems but the pasture in which its level remained unchanged owing to returning of the hay to the field after cutting. 175 NAL Call. No.: S601.A34 Leaching and runoff losses of herbicides in a tilled and untilled field. Hall, J.K.; Mumma, R.O.; Watts, D.W. Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1991 Nov. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment v. 37 (4): p. 303-314; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Zea mays; Simazine; Atrazine; Cyanazine; Metolachlor; Leaching; Runoff; Tillage; No-tillage; Losses; Silty soils; Clay loam soils; Application rates 176 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Limpograss sod management and aeschynomene seed reserve effects on legume reestablishment. Chaparro, C.J.; Sollenberger, L.E.; Jones, C.S. Jr Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Mar. Agronomy journal v. 84 (2): p. 195-200; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Florida; Aeschynomene Americana; Seed banks; Oversowing; Hemarthria altissima; Stand establishment; No-tillage; Discing; Spring; Summer; Grazing effects; Timing; Botanical composition; Forage; Grassland improvement; Sward renovation; Environmental factors Abstract: Aeschynomene (Aeschynomene americana L.) is a warm-season, annual legume that is well adapted to wet habitats. Stands must regenerate from seed each year, so size of seed reserve and management of the associated grass in winter and spring are important. In 1988 and 1989, effects of aeschynomene soil-seed reserve (simulated by broadcasting known quantities of seed in the pod) and winter-spring management of a limpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf and Hubb.] sod on legume reestablishment were evaluated on Smyrna (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Haplaquods) and Pomona (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Ultic Haplaquods) sands. All combinations of three tillage procedures (no disking, disking in spring, or disking in early summer) and two grazing treatments (grass grazed to a 10-cm stubble or not grazed) were allocated as main plots in a split-plot arrangement. Subplots were four quantities of seed applied the previous December (20, 60, 180, and 540 kg ha-1). Dry weather in late spring and early summer 1988 reduced grass competition to legume seedlings that had established in April, and grazing had no effect on percentage legume (PCL) in harvested forage. Within each disking treatment, PCL increased linearly with size of seed reserve, but summer disking reduced legume contribution relative to spring and no disking. With near optimal rainfall in 1989, PCL for the grazed swards was three to six times greater than for ungrazed swards. For all disk treatments, PCL increased linearly with size of seed reserve, but spring disking was superior to no disking and summer disking. Results suggest that aeschynomene reestablishment in limpograss is favored by spring disking and grazing limpograss until legume seedlings are 5 to 8 cm tall. Using this management in 1988 and 1989, seed reserves of 25 to 135 kg ha-1 were needed for successful aeschynomene reestablishment. 177 NAL Call. No.: 100 SO82S Link between lab and field. Sorensen, D. Brookings, S.D. : The Station; 1992. South Dakota farm & home research - South Dakota, Agricultural Experiment Station v. 43 (1): p. 4-5; 1992. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; Conservation tillage; Row spacing; Herbicides; Zea mays; Glycine max; Planting date; Livestock feeding 178 NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68 Locus of control and farmer orientation: effects on conservation adoption. McNairn, H.E.; Mitchell, B. Guelph, Ontario, Canada : University of Guelph; 1992. Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 5 (1): p. 87-101; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Soil conservation; Watersheds; Farmers; Attitudes; Surveys; Environmental protection; Rotations; Conservation tillage; Ethics; Erosion control 179 NAL Call. No.: 100 AL1H Long-term crop management affects soil fertility. Wood, C.W.; Edwards, J.H.; Ruf, M.E.; Eason, J.T. Auburn University, Ala. : The Station; 1991. Highlights of agricultural research - Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station v. 38 (3): p. 7; 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Alabama; Soil fertility; Conservation tillage 180 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Long-term tillage effects of seed banks in three Ohio soils. Cardina, J.; Regnier, E.; Harrison, K. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Apr. Weed science v. 39 (2): p. 186-194; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ohio; Zea mays; Weeds; Seed banks; Buried seeds; No-tillage; Minimum tillage; Plowing; Silt loam soils; Clay loam soils; Population density; Depth; Diversity; Chenopodium album; Panicum dichotomiflorum; Amaranthus; Weed biology Abstract: Soils from long-term tillage plots at three locations in Ohio were sampled to determine composition and size of weed seed banks following 25 yr of continuous no-tillage, minimum-tillage, or conventional-tillage corn production. The same herbicide was applied across tillage treatments within each year and an untreated permanent grass sod was sampled for comparison. Seed numbers to a 15-cm depth were highest in the no-tillage treatment in the Crosby silt loam (77 800 m-2) and Wooster silt loam (8400 m-2) soils and in the grass sod (7400 m-2) in a Hoytville silty clay loam soil. Lowest seed numbers were found in conventional-tillage plots in the Wooster soil (400 m-2) and in minimum-tillage plots in the Crosby (2200 m-2) and Hoytville (400 m-2) soils. Concentration of seeds decreased with depth but the effect of tillage on seed depth was not consistent among soil types. Number of weed species was highest in permanent grass sod (10 to 18) and decreased as soil disturbance increased; weed populations were lowest in conventional tillage in the Hoytville soil. Common lambsquarters, pigweeds, and fall panicum were the most commonly found seeds in all soils. Diversity indices indicated that increased soil disturbance resulted in a decrease in species diversity. Weed populations the summer following soil sampling included common lambsquarters, pigweeds, fall panicum, and several species not detected in the seed bank. 181 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 AU7 Long-term trends in total nitrogen of a vertisol subjected to zero-tillage, nitrogen application and stubble retention. Dalal, R.C. East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1992. Australian journal of soil research v. 30 (2): p. 223-231; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Queensland; Vertisols; Nitrogen; Nutrient content; No-tillage; Stubble; Retention; Prescribed burning; Tillage; Conservation tillage; Urea; Application rates; Long term experiments 182 NAL Call. No.: S590.C63 Maize yield response as affected by phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen as banded applications on a volcanic ash derived tropical soil. Raun, W.R. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1991. Communications in soil science and plant analysis v. 22 (15/16): p. 1661-1676; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Guatemala; Zea mays; Volcanic ash soils; Tropical soils; Coastal plain soils; Nutrient availability; Nutrient deficiencies; Phosphorus; Sulfur; Nitrogen; Band placement; Urea; Triple superphosphate; Calcium sulfate; Crop yield; Grain; Calcium; Dicalcium phosphate; Sulfate; Allophane; Ammonium phosphates; Fixation; Chemical precipitation; Dissolving; Adsorption; Solubility; Minimum tillage; Temporal variation; Rainy season; Dry season 183 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Management and dynamics of potassium in a humid tropical ultisol under a rice-cowpea rotation. Cox, F.R.; Uribe, E. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jul. Agronomy Journal v. 84 (4): p. 655-660; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Vigna unguiculata; Oryza sativa; Rotations; Ultisols; Potassium fertilizers; Application rates; Humid tropics; Stover; No-tillage; Tillage; Crop yield; Grain; Nutrient availability; Potassium; Residual effects; Exchangeable cations Abstract: Little is known about the role of K fertilization, stover management, and tillage methods on soil K availability as they affect rice (Oryza sativa L.) and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] productivity on Ultisols of the humid tropics. The effects of five K rates (0-120 kg K ha-1), returning or removing stover, and three tillage methods (no-till, strip, and conventional) were evaluated during 12 crops of rice and cowpea grown for a 4- yr period. Fertilizer K was applied to the first seven crops. The site was a recently cleared, 18-yr-old secondary forest in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. The soil was a fine-loamy, siliceous, isohyperthermic Typic Paleudult. Soils samples were collected at each crop harvest to 90 cm in 15-cm increments. Potassium fertilizer always increased grain yields when stover was removed. Conversely, responses to K additions were seldom obtained when the stover was returned. The extractable K (Modified Olsen) critical level for both upland rice and cowpeas was calculated to be 0.10 cmol L-1. Returning stover with no K fertilization maintained soil K concentrations above critical levels for both species up to the last crop of the rotation. Residual effects of fertilizer K were prolonged by returning the stover. When stover was returned, subsoil exchangeable K increased with increasing rate of K fertilization. Removal of stover resulted in greater increases in subsoil exchangeable K at the 40 kg K ha-1 rate than at 120 kg K ha-1, apparently because the higher rate resulted in K fixation. Tillage methods did not affect crop yields. 184 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Management and urease inhibitor effects on nitrogen use efficiency in no-till corn. Fox, R.H.; Piekielek, W.P. Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy, c1987-; 1993 Apr. Journal of production agriculture v. 6 (2): p. 195-200; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Cabt; Zea mays; No-tillage; Crop yield; Use efficiency; Urea ammonium nitrate; Urea; Urease inhibitors; Application rates; Application methods; Application date; Nitrogen; Nutrient uptake; Nitrogen content; Plant composition; Leaves; Rain; Ammonia; Volatilization 185 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6 Measurement and characterization of macropores by using AUTOCAD and automatic image analysis. Singh, P.; Kanwar, R.S.; Thompson, M.L. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Jan. Journal of environmental quality v. 20 (1): p. 289-294; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Macropores; Characterization; Flow; Imagery; Measurement; Methodology; Pore size; Soil physical properties; Transport processes; Tillage; No-tillage Abstract: Macropores (with equivalent diameters greater than 1600 micrometer) were quantified under no-till and conventional tillage practices by using AUTOCAD and automatic image analysis. To quantify macropores undisturbed soil blocks (50 by 50 cm) were impregnated with plaster of paris slurry. After the plaster of paris set, soil layers were taken out in 5-cm increments to a total depth of 60 cm. At each soil plane pictures were taken by a 35-mm camera and macropores were traced on transparent acetate sheets. The pictures and transparent sheets were analyzed by using an automated image analyzer and AUTOCAD, respectively, for total number, perimeter, area, and size frequency distribution of macropores. The AUTOCAD method proved to be simpler and better than the image analysis technique. Larger and continuous cracks accounted for greater macropore area in conventional tillage sites than in no-till sites. On the other hand, more worm holes and root holes accounted for a greater number and larger perimeters of macropores in no-till sites in comparison to conventional tillage sites. 186 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 A method for observing below-ground pest-predator interactions in corn agroecosystems. Brust, G.E. Tifton, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1991 Jan. Journal of entomological science v. 26 (1): p. 1-8. ill; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Zea mays; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi; Mesostigmata; Tyrophagus putrescentiae; Lasius; Staphylinidae; Carabidae; Coleoptera; Predators of insect pests; Soil; No-tillage; Biological control agents 187 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P47 Metribuzin degradation in soil. II. Effects of tillage. Locke, M.A.; Harper, S.S. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991. Pesticide science v. 31 (2): p. 239-247; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Metribuzin; Microbial degradation; No-tillage; Tillage; Crop residues; Decomposition; Glycine max; Herbicide residues; Carbon; Carbon dioxide; Deamination; Isotope labeling Abstract: A 140-day laboratory incubation, using surface soil from a long-term soybean tillage study, evaluated tillage influence on [14C]metribuzin degradation. Higher plant residue conditions in no-tillage (NT) soil inhibited metribuzin mineralization to [14C]carbon dioxide as compared to metribuzin degradation patterns observed in conventional tillage (CT) soil. At 140 days, relative abundance of extractable 14C components in NT included polar metabolites > metribuzin = deaminated metribuzin (DA) = deaminated diketometribuzin (DADK), while in CT, component included metribuzin > polar metabolites > DADK >> DA. Conditions in NT apparently inhibited polar 14C degradation, and resulted in its accumulation, while in CT polar 14C degradation proceeded relatively rapidly. For both NT and CT, more 14C was measured in an unextractable fraction than in any other fraction. A greater portion of the unextractable fraction in NT was associated with decomposed plant residue than in CT. Surface accumulation of crop residue, such as occurs under NT, provided a soil environment which altered metribuzin degradation patterns. 188 NAL Call. No.: QH540.E23 A model of the effects of tillage on emergence of weed seedlings. Mohler, C.L. Tempe, Ariz. : Ecological Society of America; 1993 Feb. Ecological applications v. 3 (1): p. 53-73; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Weeds; Seedling emergence; Plowing; No-tillage; Rotary cultivation; Seeds; Survival; Soil depth; Mathematical models; Seed banks; Manual weed control; Cultural weed control 189 NAL Call. No.: 100 N813B Modified ridge tillage vs. conventional tillage for soybean production. Helms, T.C. Fargo, N.D. : The Station; 1991 Sep. North Dakota farm research - North Dakota, Agricultural Experiment Station v. 49 (2): p. 5-7; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Dakota; Glycine max; Tillage; Conservation tillage; Farm tests; Yields; Herbicides 190 NAL Call. No.: aG3701.J2 1991 .U51 Map Mulch-till in the United States 1991. United States. Soil Conservation Service; National Cartographic Center (U.S.) Ft. Worth, TX : USDA-SCS-National Cartographic Center ; West Lafayette, IN. : Conservation Technology Information Center, [distributor],; 1992. 1 map : col. ; 19 x 25 cm. October 1991. Data provided by CTIC 1991. Map prepared using automated map construction. National Cartographic Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 1991. Computer screen image map. Includes graph of "Acres planted by region" and inset map. 1006825. Language: English Descriptors: Stubble mulching; Tillage 191 NAL Call. No.: aG3701.J2 1992 .U51 Map Mulch-till in the United States 1992., Rev. Nov. 1992.. United States. Soil Conservation Service; National Cartography and Geographic Information Systems Center (U.S.) Fort Worth, Tex. : USDA-SCS-National Cartography & Geographic Information Systems Center ; West Lafayette, IN : Conservation Technology Information Center, [distributor],; 1993. 1 map : col. ; 19 x 25 cm. Source: Data provided by CTIC 1991. Data for Alaska and Hawaii falls below minimum category. Map prepared using automated map construction. National Cartography and Geographic Information System Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 1992. Computer generated map. Includes graph of "Acres planted by region" and inset map. 1006825. Language: English; English Descriptors: Stubble mulching; Tillage 192 NAL Call. No.: QH545.A1E29 Natural establishment and selenium accumulation of herbaceous plant species in soils with elevated concentrations of selenium and salinity under irrigation and tillage practices. Wu, L.; Enberg, A.; Tanji, K.K. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1993 Apr. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety v. 25 (2): p. 127-140; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Atriplex patula; Bassia hyssopifolia; Melilotus indica; Salsola kali; Selenium; Irrigation; Tillage; No-tillage; Species diversity; Biomass production; Salinity; Wild plants; Mediterranean climate 193 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883 Natural selection effects in wheat populations grown under contrasting tillage systems. Hwu, K.K.; Allan, R.E. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1992 May. Crop science v. 32 (3): p. 605-611; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Washington; Triticum aestivum; Natural selection; Adaptation; Populations; No-tillage; Tillage; Conservation tillage; Agronomic characteristics; Plant morphology; Selection pressure; Diversity; Genetic variation Abstract: Use of no-till, a conservation-tillage management system, is increasing in the northwestern USA, to abate the serious soil erosion problem. This study examined the feasibility of improving the adaptation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for no-till by natural selection. Five populations with genetic diversity for several traits, some of which presumably affected fitness of wheat under no-till, were studied. Two subpopulations were developed for each population by growing them during 1981 to 1985 in plots that had been rotary tilled (till) or directly sown (no-till) into standing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) stubble at Pullman, WA. Trait means of the till treatment were always higher than their no-till counterparts, with the exception of one trait in a single population. Results did not indicate strong or consistent pressure for differential natural selection between the till and no-till treatments for several agronomic traits in most populations. The population that was putatively the most genetically diverse (Semidwarf Common Wheat USDA Blend) showed significant response to differential natural selection after pooling data across generations; both subpopulations had increased (P less than or equal to 0.05) biomass and grain yield means in the environments from which they had been derived. Plant height diverged in another population, with tall and short genotypes favored in the till and no- till environments, respectively. Most populations probably lacked sufficient genetic diversity to respond to differential natural selection for most of the traits; a high proportion of their parentage was derived from locally adapted genotypes that had been selected under conventional tillage. Using no-till selection pressure on genetically conservative populations that typify most wheat breeding programs probably is unwarranted. However, with populations that have been intentionally developed to achieve a broad genetic base, this approach may be justified. 194 NAL Call. No.: SB998.N4N4 Nematode management in minimum-till soybean with resistant cultivars, rye rotation, and aldicarb. Minton, N.A. Auburn, Ala. : Organization of Tropical American Nematologists; 1992 Jun. Nematropica v. 22 (1): p. 21-28; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Glycine max; Cultivars; Pest resistance; Meloidogyne incognita; Paratrichodorus minor; Pratylenchus brachyurus; Rotations; Secale cereale; Nematode control; Minimum tillage 195 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 New and modified equipment for conservation tillage: strip till, interseeded residue and strip cropping. Banks, J.C. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1993. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences. p. 117; 1993. Meeting held January 10-14, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage; Equipment 196 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6 Nitrogen and phosphorus in eroded sediment from corn and soybean tillage systems. McIsaac, G.F.; Hirschi, M.C.; Mitchell, J.K. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Jul. Journal of environmental quality v. 20 (3): p. 663-670; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Zea mays; Glycine max; Discing; Ridging; Tillage; No-tillage; Erosion; Sediment; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Runoff; Rain; Simulation Abstract: Runoff, soil loss and sediment bound total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and Bray P-1 phosphorus (P) losses were measured from corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.)] tillage systems subjected to simulated rainfall. Runoff and soil loss were influenced by contouring and tillage treatment. After 60 min of simulated rainfall, there was little or no runoff or soil erosion from plots which had recently been ridge cultivated along the contour. Soil and nutrient losses from up-and-down slope ridge-till plots were never significantly different than from the conventional tillage treatment. Bray P-1 P concentration in the top 5 cm of soil and eroded sediment was significantly reduced by moldboard plowing. Concentrations of Bray P-1 in the eroded sediment tended to decrease as soil loss increased. Bray P-1 enrichment ratios ranged from 1.69 to 4.5, and were correlated to a greater extent with sediment concentration than with soil loss. The TKN losses were linearly related with soil loss and the average TKN enrichment ratio ranged from 1.02 to 1.28. The TKN enrichment ratio was not significantly correlated with Bray P-1 enrichment ratio. 197 NAL Call. No.: 100 M69MI Nitrogen and vetch improve cotton yield. Broadway, R. Mississippi State, Miss. : The Station; 1992 Apr. MAFES research highlights - Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station v. 55 (4): p. 4; 1992 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Gossypium; Crop yield; Vicia; Nitrogen fertilizers; Cover crops; No-tillage 198 NAL Call. No.: S590.C63 Nitrogen availability from alfalfa suppressed or killed for no-till production. Varco, J.J.; Grove, J.H.; Frye, W.W.; Smith, M.S. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1991. Communications in soil science and plant analysis v. 22 (15/16): p. 1527-1535; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kentucky; Medicago sativa; Zea mays; Plant competition; Intercropping; No-tillage; Nitrogen; Nutrient availability; Nutrient uptake; Ammonium; Nitrate; Nitrate nitrogen; Ammonium nitrogen; Grass sward; Suppression; Cutting; Postharvest treatment; Chemical treatment; Paraquat; Glyphosate; Regrowth; Crop residues; Soil organic matter; Mineralization; Climatic factors 199 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Nitrogen balance and biomass production of newly established no-till dryland agroecosystems. Wood, C.W.; Peterson, G.A.; Westfall, D.G.; Cole, C.V.; Willis, W.O. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 May. Agronomy journal v. 83 (3): p. 519-526; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Colorado; Zea mays; Triticum aestivum; Sorghum bicolor; Panicum miliaceum; Agropyron cristatum; Elymus smithii; Bouteloua gracilis; Bouteloua curtipendula; Buchloe dactyloides; Schizachyrium scoparium; Fallow; No-tillage; Dry farming; Biomass production; Intensive cropping; Soil fertility; Nitrogen balance; Crop residues; Grasslands; Crop establishment Abstract: Soil-crop management affects the soil-N balance and, thus, has a direct bearing on soil productivity. This study determined the effects of cropping intensity (crops/time) under no-till and grassland establishment on aboveground biomass production and the system-N balance after 4 yr (1985-1989). The effects were examined across toposequences in the West Central Great Plains that had been tilled and frequently fallowed for > 50 yr. Production systems included wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)--fallow (WF), wheat-corn (Zea mays L.) or sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.)--millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)--fallow (WCMFW), and perennial grass (CG). Intense agronomic systems (WCMF) had greater aboveground production, greater N uptake, and greater percent plant residue retention than WF. Continuous grass systems had less aboveground production and N uptake but greater percent plant residue retention than agronomic systems. Soil-profile NO3-N was lower under WCMF systems than WF systems, but organic N showed the opposite trend implying that more intense systems are at less risk for NO3-N leaching, and have greater potential for replenishment of soil-organic N via enhanced immobilization. Aboveground biomass production and plant residue production increased downslope, but slope position had little effect on plant-N uptake, plant residue retention, or soil-N dynamics. Imposing no-till and perennial grassland systems created a N-balance disequilibrium, but more time will be required to ascertain the trajectory of N loss or pin due to establishment of no-till or grassland management on these soils. 200 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Nitrogen effects on yield and malting quality of barley genotypes under no-till. Clancy, J.A.; Tillman, B.A.; Pan, W.L.; Ullrich, S.E. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Mar. Agronomy journal v. 83 (2): p. 341-346; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Washington; Barley; Hordeum vulgare; Nitrogen fertilizers; Application rates; No-tillage; Genotypes; Cultivars; Crop yield; Grain; Seed characteristics; Crop quality; Malting quality; Alpha-amylase; Malt; Plant proteins; Varietal reactions Abstract: Conservation practices, such as reduced tillage and improved fertilizer use, are desirable from an environmental perspective and may yield economic benefits if production and quality are not impaired. This study was conducted to determine the effects of two N fertilization levels, 45 and 90 kg ha-1 (50 and 100% of normal grower rates), on yield and malting quality of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under no-till management. The study was conducted in 1986 and 1987 on a Palouse silt loam (fine-silty, mixed mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxeroll). Seven Nordic (Europe) genotypes were compared with four U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) cultivars. The higher N level increased grain yield across genotypes in both years (17% in 1986, 5% in 1987), reduced the percentage of plump kernels (4%) in 1987, and did not affect test weight, 1000- kernel weight, or percentage of thin kernels. All Nordic genotypes yielded less than the PNW cultivars except the Danish cultivar Nordal. Higher N increased total malt protein (7%) in both years and soluble malt protein (7%) in 1986. Higher N also significantly increased alpha-amylase (25%) and diastatic power (15%) in the malt, while malt extract was unaffected. Significant genotypic differences existed for all agronomic and malting parameters examined. Under no-till, HJA 78003 was the only Nordic genotype that produced good quality malt, equaling the three PNW malting cultivars under no- till. The higher N rate produced slightly better yield and quality than the reduced rate. Therefore, reducing the N rate to half the normal grower rate (90-45 kg ha-1) would probably not be recommended under these test conditions. Overall, the PNW cultivars tested outperformed the Nordic genotypes both in yield and malting quality. However, Nordal and HJA 78003 could prove useful in PNW barley breeding programs. 201 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 IO9PA Nitrogen fertilization in ridge-till corn to reduce nitrate leaching and increase nitrogen use efficiency. Cruse, R.M.; Kohler, K.A. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1992 Jan. PM - Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service (1467): p. 17-19; 1992 Jan. In the series analytic: Integrated farm management demonstration program--1991 progress report. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Zea mays; Conservation tillage; Nitrogen; Fertilizers 202 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 IO9PA Nitrogen fertilization in ridge-till corn to reduce nitrate leaching and increase nitrogen use efficiency. Cruse, R.M.; Kohler, K.A. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1991 Jan. PM - Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service (1417): p. 23-24; 1991 Jan. In the series analytic: Integrated Farm Management Demonstration Program. 1990 Progress Report. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Zea mays; Nitrogen fertilizers; Conservation tillage; Yields 203 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Nitrogen fertilization of wheat double-cropped following grain sorghum in a no- tillage system. Howard, D.D. Agronomy journal. p. 208-211. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tennessee Abstract: Utilization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) as a cash crop or cover crop in a double-cropping system is desirable to prevent excessive soil erosion on loess-derived soils in the southern USA. Fall and spring N application to winter wheat double-cropped following grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) was evaluated on a Grenada silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Glossic Fragiudalf). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement of treatments. Rates of N applied at planting (0, 34, and 67 kg ha-1) were the main plots, with N rates applied in the spring (0, 34, 67, 101 and 134 kg ha-1) the sub-plots. Fall N (Nf) increased both yield and plant height. Spring N (Ns) had a greater effect on yield and plant height than Nf. Yields increased from 0.83 to 2.61 Mg ha-1 by increasing N 204 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Nitrogen management in furrow irrigated, ridge-tilled corn. Gordon, W.B.; Whitney, D.A.; Raney, R.J. Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy, c1987-; 1993 Apr. Journal of production agriculture v. 6 (2): p. 213-217; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kansas; Cabt; Zea mays; Crop yield; Grain; Ridging; Nitrogen fertilizers; Application date; Application rates; Application methods; Nitrogen content; Plant composition; Use efficiency; Soil chemistry; Conservation tillage; Crop residues; Furrow irrigation 205 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Nitrogen rate and placement for grain sorghum production in no-tillage systems. Lamond, R.E.; Whitney, D.A.; Hickman, J.S.; Bonczkowski, L.C. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Oct. Journal of production agriculture v. 4 (4): p. 531-535; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kansas; Sorghum bicolor; Fertilizer requirement determination; Nitrogen; Crop management; No-tillage; Crop residues; Urea ammonium nitrate; Ammonium thiosulfate; Application rates; Broadcasting; Band placement; Soil injection; Crop yield; Grain; Leaves; Plant analysis; Nutrient content; Use efficiency; Soil conservation; Conservation tillage 206 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Nitrogen release from crimson clover in relation to plant growth stage and composition. Ranells, N.N.; Wagger, M.G. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 May23. Agronomy journal v. 84 (3): p. 424-430; 1992 May23. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Trifolium incarnatum; Growth stages; Dry matter accumulation; Nitrogen content; Plant analysis; Plant residues; Nitrogen; Release; No-tillage; Organic amendments Abstract: Increased N-use efficiency and economic savings may result from a better understanding of N release patterns from legume residues. A 2-yr field experiment was conducted on a Cecil fine sandy loam (clayey, kaotintic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult) to examine the effects of crimsom clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) growth stage on dry matter accumulation, N concentration, and chemical composition in relation to N release under no-tillage management. Crimson clover was harvested in the spring at four growth stages (late vegetative, early bloom, late bloom, and early seed set). Air-dried plant material in 1-mm mesh nylon bags was placed on the soil surface; retrieved at l-, 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-wk intervals; and analyzed for total N, C, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin concentrations. Averaged over 2 yr, dry matter production increased from 2.3 to 5.6 Mg ha-1, and N concentration declined from 30.2 to 21.2 g kg-1 as crimson clover matured from late vegetative to early seed set growth stages. Cellulose concentration increased by 66%, hemicellulose by 37%, and lignin by 87% from late vegetative to early seed set. Estimated clover N release at the 8-wk retrieval was 28, 40, 40, and 54 kg ha-1 in 1989 and 51, 67, 73, and 55 kg ha-1 in 1990 for the late vegetative, early bloom, late bloom, and early seed set growth stages, respectively. Results indicated that allowing crimson clover to attain the late bloom stage prior to desiccation and planting of the summer crop can maximize clover top-growth N content and subsequent N release. 207 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 No-till corn response to nitrogen rate and timing in the middle Atlantic Coastal Plain. Evanylo, G.K. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Apr. Journal of production agriculture v. 4 (2): p. 180-185; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Virginia; Middle atlantic states of U.S.A.; Zea mays; No-tillage; Fertilizer requirement determination; Urea ammonium nitrate; Split dressings; Sidedressing; Application rates; Use efficiency; Crop growth stage; Crop yield; Yield factors; Leaves; Nitrogen; Nutrient content; Leaching; Secale cereale; Cover crops; Sandy soils; Coastal plains 208 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N6N62 No-till cotton production. York, A.C.; Edmisten, K.L.; Naderman, G.C.; Bacheler, J.S. Raleigh, N.C. : The Service; 1993 Jan. AG - North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State University v.): p. 122-126; 1993 Jan. In the series analytic: 1993 cotton information. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Gossypium hirsutum; No-tillage; Cover crops; Weeds; Pest management; Agronomic characteristics 209 NAL Call. No.: 100 SO82 (1) No-till guidelines for the arid and semi-arid prairies. Beck, D.L.; Doerr, R. Brookings, S.D. : The Station; 1992 Mar. Bulletin - Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University (712): p. 1-26; 1992 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; No-tillage; Farming systems; Prairies; Arid regions; Semiarid zones; Field crops 210 NAL Call. No.: aG3701.J2 1991 .U52 Map No-till in the United States 1991., Rev. Oct. 1991.. United States. Soil Conservation Service; National Cartographic Center (U.S.) Ft. Worth, TX : USDA-SCS-National Cartographic Center ; West Lafayette, IN. : Conservation Technology Information Center, [distributor],; 1992. 1 map : col. ; 19 x 25 cm. Source: Data provided by CTIC 1991. Map prepared using automated map construction. National Cartographic Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 1991. Computer screen image map. Includes graph of "Acres planted by region" and inset map. 1006641. Language: English Descriptors: No-tillage 211 NAL Call. No.: aG3701.J2 1992 .U52 Map No-till in the United States 1992., Rev. Nov. 1992.. United States. Soil Conservation Service; National Cartography and Geographic Information Systems Center (U.S.) Ft. Worth, TX : USDA-SCS-National Cartography and GIS Center ; West Lafayette, IN. : Conservation Technology Information Center, [distributor],; 1992. 1 map : col. ; 19 x 25 cm. Source: Data provided by CTIC 1991. Data for Alaska and Hawaii falls below minimum category. Map prepared using automated map construction. National Cartography and Geographic Information System Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 1992. Computer generated map. Includes graph of "Acres planted by region" and inset map. 1006641. Language: English; English Descriptors: No-tillage 212 NAL Call. No.: SB327.A1B5 No-till navy beans. Sandoval, D.M.; Michaels, T.E.; Swanton, C.J. Fort Collins, Colo : Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University; 1992. Annual report of the Bean Improvement Cooperative v. 35: p. 74-75; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Phaseolus vulgaris; Crop production; Crop yield; Minimum tillage 213 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P No-till plot planter with row space and fertilizer placement capabilities. Kushnak, G.D.; Thaut, R.E. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Mar. Agronomy journal v. 84 (2): p. 264-267; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: No-tillage; Agricultural research; Experimental equipment; Planters; Experimental plots; Fertilizer distributors; Deep placement; Row spacing Abstract: No-till research involving row space and subsurface fertilizer placement variables requires a planter that allows quick adjustment to provide a wide range of row space and fertilizer placement positions. A no-till planter with adjustable row spacing was constructed to allow fertilizer placement below seed, with seed, and any distance between seed rows. Row space was quickly changed to any width, including paired-row configurations, from 0.15 to 1.27 m. With two people it required 10 min to change row space, fertilizer placement, and rate. The planter was used to establish small grains, large- and small-seeded legumes, and wheatgrass. Planting was successful through 2200 and 3018 kg ha-1 of prostrate and standing small-grain residue, respectively. Higher residue levels were not tested. The planter was mounted on a 50-hp tractor with a three-point hitch. 214 NAL Call. No.: 100 SO82 (1) No-till rotation systems for wheat production. Beck, D. Brookings, S.D. : The Station; 1992 Mar. Bulletin - Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University (712): p. 27-30; 1992 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; No-tillage; Rotations; Triticum; Crop production 215 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 No-till systems for corn following hay or pasture. Smith, M.A.; Carter, P.R. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1993 Jan. Journal of production agriculture v. 6 (1): p. 46-52; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Wisconsin; Zea mays; Pasture plants; Perennials; Rotations; No-tillage; Tillage; Comparisons; Herbicides; Application date; Seasonal variation; Agricultural research; Economic analysis 216 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P No-till warm-season grass establishment as affected by atrazine and carbofuran. McKenna, J.R.; Wolf, D.D.; Lenter, M. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Mar. Agronomy journal v. 83 (2): p. 311-316; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Virginia; Panicum virgatum; Bothriochloa caucasica; No-tillage; Fodder crops; Stand establishment; Atrazine; Carbofuran; Application rates; Application date; Sowing date; Phytotoxicity; Seedlings; Growth rate; Crop yield; Herbage Abstract: Tall growing, perennial, warm-season grasses that produce 65 to 75% of their yield in mid-summer may provide needed summer grazing; however, establishment is often slow and inconsistent when compared to cool-season grasses. Improved establishment would make these warm-season grasses less vulnerable to annual weed competition. No-till plantings of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and caucasian bluestem [Bothriochloa caucasica (Trin.) C. E. Hubbard] were made at Blacksburg, VA (37 degrees 11' N degrees 80 degrees 25' W, 610-m elevation) on a Groseclose loam soil (clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult). Eight experiments included carbofuran (2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol methylcarbamate) at 0 and 1.1 kg a.i. ha-1 and atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) at 0, 1.1, and 2.2 kg a.i. ha-1 in all possible combinations. Seedling growth, leaf appearance rates, seedling weights, density, leaf elongation rates, and heights were measured. Yields of weed-free perennial warm-season grasses were determined in the year of planting and the year after planting. Carbofuran at 1.1 kg a.i. ha-1 placed in the row with the seed at planting enabled seedlings to develop faster, elongate more rapidly, and provided more and heavier seedlings than without carbofuran. In the year after seeding, yields of warm season grass were higher where carbofuran was applied at seeding in seven of eight experiments. Atrazine reduced herbage yields as well as population, weight, development, and leaf elongation rate of seedlings in the seeding year. Atrazine at 1.1 kg a.i. ha-1 was not detrimental to either grass in the second year of the study. Atrazine at 2.2 kg a.i. ha-1 appeared to injure switchgrass more than caucasian bluestem. Yields in the year after planting further confirmed these observations. Atrazine at 1.1 kg a.i. ha-1 increased yields over untreated controls. However, in one of four switchgrass experiments, yields of grass treated with atrazine at 2.2 kg a.i. 217 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P No-till winter wheat dry matter and tissue nitrogen response to nitrogen fertilizer form and placement. Johnston, A.M.; Fowler, D.B. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Nov. Agronomy journal v. 83 (6): p. 1035-1043; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saskatchewan; Triticum aestivum; No-tillage; Winter wheat; Ammonium nitrate; Urea ammonium nitrate; Urea; Application date; Application rates; Timing; Band placement; Broadcasting; Nutrient solutions; Liquid fertilizers; Nutrient uptake; Nitrogen content; Grain; Crop yield; Dry matter accumulation; Crop growth stage Abstract: Expansion of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production into the high winterkill risk regions of the Canadian prairies has been achieved by no- till seeding into standing stubble immediately after harvest of the previous crop. Seven field trials were conducted in Saskatchewan to evaluate the seasonal pattern of dry matter and N accumulation of no-till winter wheat. The fertilizer treatments included the currently recommended early (20 April) spring broadcast ammonium nitrate (AN) and early spring broadcast and surface band applied urea and urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution. In four of the seven trials, late (12 May) AN and urea were also applied. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 0, 34, 67, 101, and 202 kg N ha-1. Mean maximum dry matter and N yields were established by Zadoks Growth Stage 65 (ZGS65) and ZGS45, respectively. Subsequent losses of both dry matter and N were observed under conditions of high evaporative demand and low precipitation. When rainfall was more favorable and N supply abundant, N and dry matter yields increased through the growing season to harvest. Increased N rates increased N uptake and amplified plant-N and dry matter losses. Growing season environmental conditions and plant-available-N levels also played an important role in determining the efficiency of N translocation to the seed. Early broadcast AN produced larger dry matter and N-yield responses than all other fertilizer treatments. While surface band applied urea showed no advantage over early broadcast urea, surface band applied UAN increased dry matter yield and N uptake over broadcast sprayed UAN. Average dry matter (N) yield-N response for early broadcast urea, surface band applied urea and surface band applied UAN treatments were 93 (89%) of those recorded for early broadcast AN. The broadcast sprayed UAN treatment dry matter and N yield-N responses were 81% of early broadcast AN. Compared with early broadcast AN and urea, late broadcast AN and urea produced lower dry 218 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P No-till winter wheat production: response to spring applied nitrogen fertilizer form and placement. Johnston, A.M.; Fowler, D.B. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Jul. Agronomy journal v. 83 (4): p. 722-728; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saskatchewan; Triticum aestivum; Winter wheat; No-tillage; Nitrogen fertilizers; Placement; Yield response functions; Grain; Protein content Abstract: No-till seeding into standing stubble immediately after harvest of the previous crop has permitted the successful production of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on the Canadian prairies. In the present study, 14 field trials were conducted in Saskatchewan between 1986 and 1988 to evaluate the influence of the spring broadcast and the surface banded N fertilizer forms ammonium nitrate (AN), urea, and urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution on grain yield (GY), grain-protein yield (GPY), and grain-protein concentration (GP) of no-till winter wheat. In trials with positive N response, early broadcast urea, surface dribble-banded UAN, and broadcast spray UAN produced GY(GPY) responses that were 90(91), 89(87), and 82(80)%, respectively, of those observed for early broadcast AN. Accumulated surface residues and delayed early spring (May) rainfall reduced the performance of UAN when applied as a broadcast spray. In one trial, the early stimulation of N uptake and growth with early AN proved detrimental under high temperature stress during stem elongation resulting in negative GY and GPY responses with increasing N rate. Delaying broadcast N application by 3 wk prevented early N uptake, reducing both GY and GPY and increasing GP. The results of this study suggest that the reduction in N recovery from commercial rates of urea-based fertilizers, as measured by GPY, can be minimized at uniform levels by ensuring early spring application on no-till winter wheat in western Canada. 219 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 No-till winter wheat response to phosphorus placement and rate. Halvorson, A.D.; Havlin, J.L. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1992 Sep. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 56 (5): p. 1635-1639; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Colorado; Triticum aestivum; Winter wheat; No-tillage; Phosphorus; Band placement; Broadcasting; Incorporation; Comparisons; Application rates; Crop yield; Grain; Straw; Nutrient uptake Abstract: Phosphorus deficiency of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is common in the central Great Plains. Acceptance of reduced and no-till systems for wheat production has made soil incorporation of broadcast P fertilizer more difficult. This field study evaluated the effectiveness of P placement methods (surface broadcast with and without incorporation and banded below the seed zone) for no-till winter wheat production at rates of 0, 34, 67, 101, and 134 kg P ha-1 in 1986 and 1987. Subplots of 0 and 56 kg N ha-1 were included with each P rate. A Rosebud-Escabosa loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic Argiustoll-Calciustoll) with a NaHCO3-extractable P level of 10 mg P kg-1 soil (medium soil test level) and a pH of 7.8 was used. Phosphorus placement had no significant effect on grain yield. Grain yields increased curvilinearly with increasing P rate up to 101 kg P ha-1 for both broadcast and banded treatments. Straw yields also increased curvilinearly with increasing P rate. Nitrogen fertilization enhanced grain protein by 6% and also grain P uptake. Total P uptake by grain increased with increasing rate of P application. Broadcast applications of P without incorporation under no-till conditions effectively increased winter wheat yields on a soil testing medium in available P. When sufficient P was applied to correct P deficiency in winter wheat, method of placement had little effect. 220 NAL Call. No.: S604.64.A8T4 no.127 No-tillage seeders and their adoption in North America with relevance to Western Australia a study tour report to The Winston Churchill Memorial Trust of Australia and Wesfarmers limited. Bligh, Kevin J. Perth? : Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Division of Resource Management,; 1992. 43, [7] p. : ill. ; 30 cm. (Technical report (Western Australia. Division of Resource Management) ; 127.). "April 1992. Includes bibliographical references (p. 38-40). Language: English 221 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6 A no-tillage tomato production system using hairy vetch and subterranean clover mulches. Abdul-Baki, A.A.; Teasdale, J.R. Alexandria, Va. : The American Society for Horticultural Science; 1993 Feb. HortScience : a publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science v. 28 (2): p. 106-108; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Maryland; Cabt; Lycopersicon esculentum; Vicia villosa; Trifolium subterraneum; Cover crops; Mulches; No-tillage; Fruits; Maturity; Crop yield; Planting date; Earliness; Low input agriculture Abstract: A novel approach is described for using two winter annual legumes - hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L. Roth.) and 'Mt. Barker' subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) - as cover crops and plant mulches in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production. The approach calls for sowing the cover crops in the fall in prepared beds, mowing the cover crops with a high-speed flail mower immediately before transplanting the tomato seedlings into the field in early May, and then transplanting the seedlings into the beds with minimal interruption of the soil or mulch cover. Plants in the vetch treatment with no tillage produced a higher yield than those grown under black polyethylene, paper, or no mulch in conventional systems. Both plant mulches delayed fruit maturity by approximately 10 days relative to black polyethylene mulch. The proposed approach eliminates tillage, reduces the need for applying synthetic fertilizers and herbicides, and is adapted to large- and small-scale tomato production in a low-input, no-tillage system. It also may be used to produce other vegetables. 222 NAL Call. No.: 57.8 SO4 Nutrient placement in conservation tillage. St. Louis, Mo. : Solutions Magazine; 1992 May. Solutions v. 36 (4): p. 38-40; 1992 May. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage; Soil conservation; Soil fertility; Soil testing; Ph; Nitrogen; Nutrients; Phosphorus; Potassium 223 NAL Call. No.: 100 SO82 (3) Nutrients removed from systems, 1985-1991. Smolik, J. Brookings, S.D. : The Station; 1992 Oct. TB - Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University (99): 2 p.; 1992 Oct. In the series analytic: Soil science research in the Plant Science Department : 1991 Annual Report. Soil PR 91-6. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; Farming systems research; Nutrients; Nitrogen; Potassium; Phosphorus; Alternative farming; Minimum tillage; Green manures 224 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 On the econmics of cotton conservation tillage with low energy precision application irrigation. Triplett, C.M.; Pegarra, E.; Lyle, W.M. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1992. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences v. 1: p. 431-435; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium; Conservation tillage; Irrigation 225 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 IO9PA On-farm demonstration of alternate tillage systems for energy conservation. Colvin, T.S. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1992 Jan. PM - Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service (1467): p. 8-11; 1992 Jan. In the series analytic: Integrated farm management demonstration program- -1991 progress report. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Conservation tillage; Energy conservation; Demonstration farms; Crop yield 226 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 IO9PA On-farm demonstration of alternate tillage systems for energy conservation. Colvin, T.S. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1991 Jan. PM - Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service (1417): p. 15-18; 1991 Jan. In the series analytic: Integrated Farm Management Demonstration Program. 1990 Progress Report. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; No-tillage; Demonstration farms; Energy conservation; Herbicides; Conservation tillage; Soil types 227 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 IO9PA Optimum time(s) of nitrogen application to improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce leaching. Amos, F.B. Jr; Baker, J.L.; Timmons, D.R.; Kanwar, R.S. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1991 Jan. PM - Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service (1417): p. 35-39; 1991 Jan. In the series analytic: Integrated Farm Management Demonstration Program. 1990 Progress Report. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Zea mays; Nitrogen fertilizers; Conservation tillage; Yields; Energy conservation; Runoff 228 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6 Organic matter and microbial biomass in a vertisol after 20 yr of zero-tillage. Dalal, R.C.; Henderson, P.A.; Glasby, J.M. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1991. Soil biology and biochemistry v. 23 (5): p. 435-441; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Queensland; Triticum aestivum; Hordeum vulgare; Vertisols; No-tillage; Tillage; Urea; Crop residues; Decomposition; Soil organic matter; Biomass; Soil ph; Soil properties Abstract: The effects of 20 yr of tillage practice, crop residue management and fertiliser (urea) N application on organic C, total N, microbial biomass, anaerobic mineralisable N and pH at 0-25, 25-50 and 50-100 mm depths of a fine- textured (65% clay) vertisol were studied. The treatments, in a factorial combination, comprised of tillage (conventional tillage, CT vs zero-tillage, ZT), residue (retained, RR or burned, RB) and urea (0, 23 and 69 kg N ha-1 yr-1) applied at 40-50 mm depth. Wheat and barley were grown for 15 and 3 yr, respectively. All soil properties showed a strong stratification with depth under ZT, RR treatments. Organic C, total N and microbial biomass N were highest and pH lowest in the 0-25 mm layer under ZT, RR and 69 kg N ha-1 yr-1. In the 0-100 mm layer, similar trends were observed where residue was retained or fertiliser was applied but tillage had no effect on organic C and total N although higher microbial biomass was measured in soil under CT than ZT. Therefore, zero tillage, residue retention and fertiliser application results in stratification of soil properties, even in a vertisol. 229 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Overview of conservation tillage across the Belt. Bradley, J.F. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1992. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences v. 1: p. 141-142; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium; Conservation tillage 230 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Overwinter soil temperature patterns under six tillage-residues combinations. Benoit, G.R.; Van Sickle, K.A. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (1): p. 86-90; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Minnesota; Soil temperature; Tillage; Winter; Plant residues; Snow cover; Soil depth Abstract: The effect on soil temperature of three tillage systems (fall plow, fall chisel, and no-till), each with and without corn residue were studied over three winters (1984-85, 1985-86 and 1986-87). Temperature measurements were taken on an hourly basis at soil depths of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.30 m during 1984-85 and 1985-86 and at 0.05, 0.15, and 0.30 m during 1986-87. During winter months, soil temperatures were found to be a function of residue level and snow cover with highest temperatures being found in the no-till residue treatment. Little difference was found between temperature in fall plow and fall chisel plots, both of which had lower temperatures than found in the no till plots. Little difference in temperature was noted among treatments during a winter of little snowfall, indicating that treatment effects on snow accumulation influence soil temperature more than either tillage or residue level alone. The no-till residue treatment became frost-free in the spring 10 to 30 days before other treatments and tended to have slightly higher temperatures until just before spring corn planting the first week in May. 231 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) control in a conservation tillage system for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Keeling, J.W.; Sider, K.T.; Abernathy, J.R. Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1991 Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 5 (1): p. 137-141; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Gossypium hirsutum; Weed control; Chemical control; Amaranthus palmeri; Pendimethalin; Trifluralin; Prometryn; Conservation tillage; Diuron; Methazole; Herbicide mixtures 232 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Particulate soil organic-matter changes across a grassland cultivation sequence. Cambardella, C.A.; Elliott, E.T. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1992 May. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 56 (3): p. 777-783; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Grassland soils; Soil organic matter; Dispersion; Fractionation; Carbon cycle; Stubble mulching; No-tillage; Fallow Abstract: Many models have been constructed in an attempt to describe the dynamics of soil organic-matter (SOM) turnover, most of which include 2 to 3 kinetically defined organic-matter pools. Physical and chemical definition of these conceptualized SOM pools has been difficult. We describe a simple method for dispersion of soil to isolate a particulate organic-matter (POM) fraction that may represent an important SOM pool in grassland soils. The POM fraction was isolated by dispersing the soil in 5 g L-1 hexametaphosphate and passing the dispersed soil samples through a 53-micrometer sieve. We compared POM and mineral-associated C among three tillage treatments (20 yr under cultivation) and an undisturbed grassland at Sidney, NE. The POM C in the native sod represented 39% of the total soil organic C. Twenty years of bare-fallow, stubble-mulch, and no-till management reduced the C content in this fraction to 18, 19, and 25%, respectively, of the total organic C. The mineral-associated organic-matter fraction showed no reduction in C content in the bare-fallow treatment compared with the grassland soil but increased in the no-till and stubble-mulch treatments. Nitrogen dynamics generally mirrored those observed for C. Analysis of the POM fraction for lignin and cellulose content indicated that this fraction was 47% lignin and had a lignocellulose index of 0.7. The stable C-isotope composition of the POM fraction suggests that wheat-derived POM turns over faster than grass-derived POM. We suggest the POM fraction closely matches the characteristics of a SOM pool variously described as slow, decomposable, or stabilized organic matter. 233 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 J822 PEP$--a dollar-and-cent approach to conservation tillage. Hill, P.R.; Lake, J.E. Ankeny, Iowa : Soil and Water Conservation Society of America; 1992 Mar. Journal of soil and water conservation v. 47 (2): p. 131-133; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage; Innovation adoption; Educational programs; Diffusion of information; Erosion control; Farm inputs; Harvesting; Rain 234 NAL Call. No.: 100 N813B Performance of hard red winter wheat cultivars under conventional-till and no- till systems. Cox, D.J. Fargo, N.D. : The Station; 1991 Mar. North Dakota farm research - North Dakota, Agricultural Experiment Station v. 48 (5): p. 17-20; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Dakota; Triticum durum; Varieties; Performance testing; No- tillage 235 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Performance of no-tillage cotton in 30-inch rows--comparison of productions system in the 1992 crop. Hart, W.E.; Bradley, J.F.; Tompkins, F.D.; Freeland, R.S. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1993. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Conferences. p. 510-513; 1993. Meeting held January 10-14, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; No-tillage; Row spacing; Crop production; Comparisons 236 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6 Pesticide mobility and persistence in microlysimeter soil columns from a tilled and no-tilled plot. Fermanich, K.J.; Daniel, T.C. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Jan. Journal of environmental quality v. 20 (1): p. 195-202; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Wisconsin; Pesticides; Leaching; Losses from soil systems; Lysimetry; Movement in soil; Persistence; Soil types (cultural); Tillage; No- tillage Abstract: Pesticide leaching losses under varying tillage systems, especially in sandy soils, is not clearly understood. This study compared the leaching and dissipation of two corn (Zea mays L.), 14C-labeled, insecticides--carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzo-furanyl-methylcarbamate) and chlorpyrifos [O,O-diethly O-(trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate]--in sandy soil columns from conventional-moldboard plow (CN) and no-till (NT) tillage plots. Microlysimeters, utilizing intact soil columns from established tillage plots, were used to investigate pesticide mobility and dissipation under simulated field precipitation, drainage, and temperature patterns. Leachate from CN tillage columns receiving 14C-carbofuran contained over two times more of the applied 14C (17.9%) compared to NT columns (7.9%). The major portion (63%) of 14C-carbofuran residues leached from CN columns was associated with a metabolite (unknown I) compared to 40% for NT columns. Slightly more (4.9% compared to 4.6%) as parent carbofuran leached from CN columns relative to NT. After 106 d of simulated field conditions, 4.0 and 7.8% of the applied parent 14C-carbofuran was recovered from the soil of CN and NT columns, respectively. Average time to peak 14C-carbofuran residue concentrations were retarded by 12 and 39 d for CN and NT columns, respectively, compared to time to peak concentrations of bromide. Less than 0.2% of the applied 14C-chlorpyrifos leached from the soil columns. Differences in the physical, chemical, and/or biological characteristics between CN and NT tillage columns influenced the dissipation and mobility of carbofuran. 237 NAL Call. No.: 100 N813B Phosphorus placement for soybean production in reduced tillage systems. Cihacek, L.J.; Lizotte, D.A.; Carcoana, R. Fargo, N.D. : The Station; 1991 Jul. North Dakota farm research - North Dakota, Agricultural Experiment Station v. 49 (1): p. 22-25; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Dakota; Glycine max; Phosphorus; Soil chemistry; Fertilizer requirement determination; Minimum tillage 238 NAL Call. No.: 100 N813B Phosphorus placement for soybean production in reduced tillage systems. Cihacek, L.J.; Lizotte, D.A.; Carcoana, R. Fargo, N.D. : The Station; 1991 Jul. North Dakota farm research - North Dakota, Agricultural Experiment Station v. 49 (1): p. 22-25; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Dakota; Glycine max; Phosphorus fertilizers; Minimum tillage 239 NAL Call. No.: S590.C63 Phosphorus relationships in no-till small grains. Jackson, G.D.; Berg, R.K.; Kushnak, G.D.; Carlson, G.R.; Lund, R.E. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1993. Communications in soil science and plant analysis v. 24 (11/12): p. 1319-1331; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Montana; Triticum aestivum; Hordeum vulgare; No-tillage; Monoammonium phosphate; Placement; Application rates; Responses; Soil test values; Fertilizer requirement determination; Crop yield 240 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Placement and timing of nitrogen fertilizers for conventional and conservation tillage corn production. Bundy, L.G.; Andraski, T.W.; Daniel, T.C. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Apr. Journal of production agriculture v. 5 (2): p. 214-221; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Wisconsin; Zea mays; Urea ammonium nitrate; Plowing; Anhydrous ammonia; Nitrapyrin; Application rates; Soil injection; Sidedressing; Band placement; Moldboards; Chiselling; No-tillage; Ridging; Comparisons; Crop yield; Nitrogen content; Maize ears; Leaves; Grain 241 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Population dynamics and control of annual weeds in corn (Zea mays) as influenced by tillage systems. Buhler, D.D. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Apr. Weed science v. 40 (2): p. 241-248; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Wisconsin; Zea mays; Crop weed competition; Weeds; Annual habit; Chenopodium album; Setaria viridis; Conyza canadensis; Amaranthus retroflexus; Weed control; Chemical control; Atrazine; Alachlor; Cyanazine; Metolachlor; No- tillage; Conservation tillage; Chiselling; Ridging; Weed biology; Population dynamics; Plant density; Herbicide mixtures; Crop yield Abstract: Field research was conducted at Hancock, WI, from 1985 through 1987 to evaluate effects of conventional tillage, chisel plow, ridge tillage, and no-tillage systems on population dynamics and control of annual weed species in corn grown continuously on a loamy sand soil without irrigation. In all years of the study, green foxtail densities were greater in chisel plow and no- tillage than in the conventional tillage system, while ridge tillage had densities lower than all other tillage systems. Common lambsquarters density in the chisel plow system reached nearly 500 plants m-2 compared to less than 75 plants m-2 in the other tillage systems when averaged over years. Average redroot pigweed densities in the no-tillage and chisel plow systems were 307 and 245 plants m-2 compared to less than 25 plants m-2 in the conventional and ridge tillage systems. Horseweed was observed only in no-tillage and ridge tillage plots. Green foxtail and redroot pigweed were more difficult to control in chisel plow and no-tillage than in the conventional and ridge tillage systems with several herbicide treatments. Corn yields were not affected by tillage systems under weed-free conditions. Corn yield differences among tillage systems when the same herbicide treatment was applied appeared to be due to differences in weed control. 242 NAL Call. No.: MeUUniv. 1991 T62 Potato available nitrogen from barley/legume underseedings and reduced tillage/ridge tillage potatoes.. PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCES - 1991 Tindall, Timothy Todd, Orono, Me.,; 1991. ix, 155 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm. Includes vita. Bibliography: leaves 148-154. Language: English Descriptors: Potatoes; Soils; Companion planting; Crop rotation 243 NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6 Preplant weed control in conservation tillage systems for cotton. Crawford, S.H. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1992. Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences v. 1: p. 139-140; 1992. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium; Weed control; Conservation tillage 244 NAL Call. No.: 100 L939 Preplant weed control programs for fallow bed cotton production. Crawford, S.H. Baton Rouge, La. : The Station; 1991. Louisiana agriculture - Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station v. 34 (4): p. 10-12; 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Louisiana; Gossypium; Weed control; Preplanting treatment; Fallow; Herbicides; Minimum tillage 245 NAL Call. No.: 100 Ar42Sp no.148 Proceedings of the 1991 Southern Conservation Tillage Conference North Little Rock, June 18-20, 1991.. 1991 Southern Conservation Tillage Conference Implementing conservation and env ironmental technology Keisling, Terry C. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Agricultural Experiment Station Southern Conservation Tillage Conference 1991 : North Little Rock, Ark. Fayetteville, Ark. : Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station,; 1991. vii, 111 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (Special report (University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Agricultural Experiment Station) ; 148.). Cover title: Implementing conservation and environmental technology. June 1991. Includes bibliographical references. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage 246 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Producing no-till cereal or corn following alfalfa on furrow-irrigated land. Carter, D.L.; Berg, R.D.; Sanders, B.J. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Apr. Journal of production agriculture v. 4 (2): p. 174-179; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Idaho; Medicago sativa; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays; Hordeum vulgare; Winter wheat; Cropping systems; Rotations; No-tillage; Tillage; Furrow irrigation; Decomposition; Mineralization; Nitrogen; Nutrient availability; Nitrate nitrogen; Leaching; Production costs; Crop yield; Returns 247 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU783 Production of summer crops in northern New South Wales. I. Effects of tillage and double cropping on growth, grain and N yields of six crops. Herridge, D.F.; Holland, J.F. Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1992. Australian journal of agricultural research v. 43 (1): p. 105-122; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New South Wales; Cajanus cajan; Glycine max; Helianthus annuus; Sorghum; Vigna radiata; Vigna unguiculata; Double cropping; No-tillage; Nitrogen fixation; Nodulation; Sap; Ureides; Xylem 248 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU783 Production of summer crops in northern New South Wales. II. Effects of tillage and crop rotation on yields of sorghum. Holland, J.F.; Herridge, D.F. Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1992. Australian journal of agricultural research v. 43 (1): p. 123-134; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New South Wales; Sorghum; No-tillage; Rotations; Nitrogen fixation; Summer; Crop yield 249 NAL Call. No.: 100 SO82 (3) Productivity of systems, 1985-1991. Smolik, J. Brookings, S.D. : The Station; 1992 Oct. TB - Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University (99): 8 p.; 1992 Oct. In the series analytic: Soil science research in the Plant Science Department : 1991 Annual Report. Soil PR 91-5. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; Farming systems research; Crop yield; Livestock farming; Rotations; Biomass production; Cost benefit analysis; Alternative farming; Minimum tillage; Row tillage; Fertilizers; Herbicides; Rain 250 NAL Call. No.: 57.8 SO4 Profitable corn production on light soils. Braun, D.; Mulford, R. St. Louis, Mo. : Solutions Magazine; 1992 Mar. Solutions v. 36 (3): p. 55-56; 1992 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: Maryland; Virginia; Zea mays; Crop yield; Soil; No-tillage; Hybridization 251 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Profitable, effective herbicides for planting-time weed control in no-till spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Donald, W.W.; Prato, T. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Jan. Weed science v. 39 (1): p. 83-90; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Dakota; Triticum aestivum; No-tillage; Weed control; Chemical control; Application date; Planting date; Chlorsulfuron; Glyphosate; Metsulfuron; Sinapis arvensis; Kochia scoparia; Profitability; Returns; Cost benefit analysis Abstract: High herbicide costs and uncertainty about annual weed control at planting have limited adoption of no-till spring wheat production systems in the northern Great Plains. Chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, and CGA-131036 10 to 20 g ai ha-1 plus nonionic surfactant generally controlled both emerged kochia and wild mustard equally well (>80%) whether or not combined with glyphosate at 250 g ha-1 plus nonionic surfactant. In two of three trials persistent phytotoxic residues of these sulfonylurea herbicides in soil controlled both weeds better in midseason and early summer 1 yr after treatment than did glyphosate, which has only foliar activity. While the absolute net returns of different treatments varied among herbicides, relative net returns were insensitive to changes in either herbicide or wheat price. Herbicide use tended to boost net returns for no-till spring wheat in years with good weather but depressed net returns in a drought year. Chlorsulfuron at 10 and 20 g ha-1 increased net returns in all three trials. Metsulfuron and combinations of either metsulfuron or chlorsulfuron with glyphosate had variable effects on net returns. 252 NAL Call. No.: S561.6.I8I572 Proving the power of personal conviction. Mosley-Roberts, L. Ames, Iowa : Integrated Farm Management/Model Farms, Iowa State Universtiy Extension Service; 1991 Mar. Inside edge v. 1 (3): p. 3; 1991 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Farm management; Soil conservation; No-tillage 253 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Radiation balance of ridge-tillage with modeling strategies for slope and aspect in the subarctic. Sharratt, B.S.; Schwarzer, M.J.; Campbell, G.S.; Papendick, R.I. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1992 Sep. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 56 (5): p. 1379-1384; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Alaska; Subarctic soils; Radiation balance; Surface layers; Ridging; Slope; Aspect; Soil temperature; Mathematical models Abstract: Radiative exchange at the soil surface can be altered by the surface configuration. Tillage methods that modify the soil surface for increased radiation absorption are needed in the subarctic, where soil temperature is a limiting factor in crop adaptation and production. The radiation climate of ridge-tillage was investigated to determine the optimum ridge aspect and slope for maximizing radiation absorption on soils in the subarctic. Comparisons of net radiation (Rn), albedo, and soil surface temperatures were made on ridge plots (6.1 by 6.1 m); with ridges oriented northeast-southwest, northwest-southeast, east-west, and north-south; and a horizontal surface during the 1988 through 1990 growing seasons at Fairbanks, AK. A radiation-balance model of ridged surfaces was developed to ascertain localized irradiance and isothermal net radiation (Rn) effects owing to slope and aspect of ridges. Measured Rn differences were found at midday on clear days when Rn was about 30 W m-2 higher on ridged than horizontal surfaces. The higher Rn resulted from a lower albedo and lower soil surface temperatures of the ridged surfaces. Modeled irradiance on ridges used in this study agreed well with measured values. Modeled Rni results using four seasons of micrometeorological data suggested that southerly aspects inclined 20 to 40 degrees offered the greatest advantage in radiation absorption at Fairbanks. 254 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Recovery of point-injected labeled nitrogen by corn as affected by timing, rate, and tillage. Timmons, D.R.; Baker, J.L. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Sep. Agronomy journal v. 83 (5): p. 850-857; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Zea mays; Ammonium nitrate; Soil injection; Application rates; Application date; Tillage; Effects; Nitrogen; Nutrient uptake; Recovery; Growth; Responses; Use efficiency Abstract: Point-injection technology is being developed to improve fertilizer management, particularly N management. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the rate (number) and timing of point-injections of an ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution on N uptake and corn growth and to measure any differences due to tillage. Nitrogen-15 depleted NH4NO3 (AN) was hand-injected beside individual plants at the V1, V5, and/or V9 growth stages at rates of 50, 100, and/or 200 kg N ha-1 with fall moldboard plow (MP), fall chisel plow (CP), and ridge-till (RT) systems. While MP had the highest grain and total dry matter production (but with the lowest N concentrations in those materials), tillage was not a significant factor in either the percentage of the total plant N derived from labeled AN (N(F)) or its recovery (N(R)) for any stage sampled. Generally the year (i.e. different environmental conditions) and application timing or a timing-by-year interaction had the greatest influence on N(F) and N(R). Although plants sampled at the V9 stage on the average recovered more N from the V1 application (39%) vs the V5 application (27%), at maturity N(R) values for grain (35%) and total dry matter (47%) were the same for both V1 or V5 applications (when only two applications were made). However when three applications were made (at the V1, V5, and V9 stages), N(R) values decreased with time of application for both grain (38, 31, and 26%, respectively) and total dry matter (53, 43, and 33%, respectively). Across application timing, grain N(R) values were 34 and 31%, respectively, for MP and RT. Compared with preplant knifed-in labeled N for MP and RT systems in an adjacent simultaneous study, grain N(R) values for point-injected N in this study were 16 and 6% greater, respectively, indicating that multiple injections of fertilizer N improved N-use efficiency. 255 NAL Call. No.: S561.6.I8I572 Reduced tillage research: question, answers. Vaughan, M. Ames, Iowa : Integrated Farm Management/Model Farms, Iowa State Universtiy Extension Service; 1991 Sep. Inside edge v. 1 (6): p. 1-2; 1991 Sep. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Minimum tillage; No-tillage; Soil conservation; Crop residues 256 NAL Call. No.: 100 AL1H Reducing production inputs may be profitable for cotton producers. Patterson, M.G.; Goodman, W.R.; Norris, B.E.; Freeman, B.L. Auburn University, Ala. : The Station; 1993. Highlights of agricultural research - Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station v. 40 (1): p. 11; 1993. Language: English Descriptors: Alabama; Gossypium hirsutum; Conservation tillage; Cost benefit analysis; Production costs; Herbicides; Insecticides; Fungicides 257 NAL Call. No.: S591.55.K4S64 The relationship between soil properties and no-tillage agriculture. Blevins, R.L. Lexington, Ky. : The Department; 1991. Soil science news & views - Cooperative Extension Service and University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy v. 12 (2): 3 p.; 1991. Language: English Descriptors: Kentucky; No-tillage; Soil properties 258 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 Relationship between weed communities in corn and infestation and damage by the stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pavuk, D.M.; Stinner, B.R. Tifton, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1991 Apr. Journal of entomological science v. 26 (2): p. 253-260; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Papaipema nebris; Weeds; No-tillage; Population dynamics 259 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Reseeding potential of crimson clover as a cover crop for no-tillage corn. Myers, J.L.; Wagger, M.G. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Nov. Agronomy journal v. 83 (6): p. 985-991; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Zea mays; Cover crops; No-tillage; Trifolium incarnatum; Reproductive performance; Seeds; Volunteer plants; Crop establishment; Resowing; Seed germination; Nitrogen fertilizers; Application rates; Crop yield; Grain; Maize silage; Nitrogen content; Nutrient uptake; Dry matter accumulation Abstract: Leguminous cover crops can provide biologically fixed N to a subsequent corn (Zea mays L.) crop as well as erosion control and moisture conserving mulch, but establishment is costly and often unsuccessful. A field experiment was conducted for 3 yr to determine the self-reseeding potential of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and its N contribution in a no-tillage corn production system. Four cover crop management treatments (fallow, annual-seeded, volunteer-reseeded, and volunteer strip-reseeded) were combined factorially with four fertilizer-N rates (0, 50, 100, or 150 kg ha-1) applied to the subsequent corn crop. The annual-seeded, volunteer-reseeded, and volunteer strip-reseeded clover treatments were desiccated at corn planting. Averaged over 3 yr, crimson clover dry matter was 2.6, 4.2, and 3.5 Mg ha-1 for the annual-seeded, volunteer-reseeded, and strip-reseeded treatments, respectively. In 1988 and 1989, cover crop treatments produced mean corn grain yields of 6.0 and 6.1 Mg ha-1 compared to fallow treatment yields of 3.4 and 4.0 Mg ha-1, respectively. This same pattern was reflected in the silage yields and total corn N uptake. Corn grain yields were unaffected by fertilizer-N rate in two out of 3 yr due to limited rainfall. Both self-reseeding treatments successfully reestablished each year and increased corn yields primarily by a mulching effect. Allowing crimson clover to mature before chemical desiccation or leaving strips between corn rows to produce seed appear to be effective methods of reseeding clover in a no-tillage corn silage production system. 260 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Residual nitrogen-15 recovery by corn as influenced by tillage and fertilization method. Timmons, D.R.; Cruse, R.M. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Mar. Agronomy journal v. 83 (2): p. 357-363; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Urea ammonium nitrate; Residual effects; Nitrogen; Recovery; Grain; Nutrient uptake; Ridging; Plowing; Conservation tillage; Band placement; Subsurface application; Broadcasting; Soil; Nitrogen content; Radioactive tracers Abstract: Tillage systems that create different surface residue conditions may also affect the recovery of residual fertilizer N during subsequent growing seasons. This study evaluated the recovery of residual labeled N fertilizer in the soil by corn (Zea mays L.) for two tillage systems and two fertilization methods. Five atom % 15N-enriched 28% urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) at 224 kg N ha-1 was either surface-applied in the fall before any primary tillage or banded (knifed in) just before planting in the spring. Continuous corn was grown with either fall moldboard-plow (MP) or ridge-till (RT) systems. After the initial growing season, the recovery of residual labeled N in the soil by corn was determined for three consecutive growing seasons, and the soil profile was sampled periodically to measure residual 15N in the organic and inorganic pools. One year after labeled UAN application, from 16 to 27% of the initial 15N applied was found in the organic N pool and only 1% as inorganic N[NH4 + (NO2 + NO3)-N]. After four seasons, residual 15N in the organic N pool ranged from 13 to 24%. Less than 0.5% remained as inorganic N. Regession analyses indicated that about 5 kg 15N ha-1 yr-1 became available for both MP and RT systems with banded N, so the amounts were small. Total residual 15N recovery by corn grain plus stover for three seasons ranged from 1.7 to 3.5%, and was greatest for spring-banded fertilizer (p = 0.01). Because the amounts of residual 15N utilized were too small to affect corn growth, this N source appears to be negligible when considering corn-N needs. 261 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Response of no-till corn to nitrogen source, rate, and time of application. Wells, K.L.; Thom, W.O.; Rice, H.B. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Oct. Journal of production agriculture v. 5 (4): p. 607-610; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; No-tillage; Urea; Nitrogen; Nutrient sources; Application rates; Application date; Crop yield; Dry matter accumulation; Nitrogen content 262 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 C162 Response of no-till winter wheat to seed-placed ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Fowler, D.B.; Brydon, J. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Feb. Canadian journal of soil science v. 71 (1): p. 55-66; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saskatchewan; Triticum aestivum; Winter wheat; No-tillage; Ammonium nitrate; Band placement; Application date; Sowing date; Broadcasting; Crop yield; Grain; Crop quality; Protein content; Application rates; Winter hardiness; Winter kill 263 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Response of weed to tillage and cover crop residue. Teasdale, J.R.; Beste, C.E.; Potts, W.E. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Apr. Weed science v. 39 (2): p. 195-199; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Maryland; Zea mays; Secale cereale; Vicia villosa; Cover crops; Plant residues; No-tillage; Plowing; Weeds; Population density; Mollugo verticillata; Chenopodium album; Eleusine indica; Digitaria sanguinalis; Eragrostis cilianensis; Cultural weed control Abstract: Total weed density increased after 1 yr of no-tillage and after 2 yr of conventional tillage in a 4-yr experiment with repeated assignment of the same treatment to the same plots. Large crabgrass, goosegrass, and carpetweed densities were higher in the no-tillage compared with the conventional-tillage treatment in at least 1 yr whereas common lambsquarters density was greater in the conventional-tillage treatment the last year of the experiment. Within the no-tillage treatment, rye or hairy vetch residue reduced total weed density an average of 78% compared to the treatment without cover crop when cover crop biomass exceeded 300 g m-2 and when residue covered more than 90% of the soil. Goosegrass, stinkgrass, and carpetweed densities were reduced by cover crop residue in at least 1 yr whereas large crabgrass was unaffected. Common lambsquarters density increased where rye was grown as a cover crop prior to conventional tillage. Despite differences in weed density among treatments, weed biomass was equivalent in all. 264 NAL Call. No.: S590.S65 Restoration of eroded soil with conservation tillage. Langdale, G.W.; West, L.T.; Bruce, R.R.; Miller, W.P.; Thomas, A.W. Cremlingen-Destedt, W. Ger. : CATENA Verlag; 1992 Mar. Soil technology v. 5 (1): p. 81-90; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Trifolium incarnatum; Sorghum bicolor; Ultisols; Eroded soils; Soil variability; Rill erosion; Interrill erosion; Runoff; Losses from soil systems; Crop residues; Conservation tillage; No-tillage; Tillage; Continuous cropping; Double cropping; Irrigation; Dry farming; Fallow; Fertilizer requirement determination; Crop yield; Grain; Soil organic matter; Soil fertility; Soil conservation 265 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 J822 Restoring the land. Richards, W. Ankeny, Iowa : Soil and Water Conservation Society of America; 1991 Nov. Journal of soil and water conservation v. 46 (6): p. 409-410; 1991 Nov. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Conservation tillage; Technology; Soil conservation; Reclamation 266 NAL Call. No.: NBULD3656 1993 M877 Ridge-till corn and urea hydrolysis response to N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT). Murphy, Timothy L. 1993; 1993. xi, 104 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm. Includes bibliographical references. Language: English 267 NAL Call. No.: aG3701.J2 1991 .U53 Map Ridge-till in the United States 1991., Rev. Oct. 1991.. United States. Soil Conservation Service; National Cartographic Center (U.S.) Ft. Worth, TX : USDA-SCS-National Cartographic Center ; West Lafayette, IN. : Conservation Technology Information Center, [distributor],; 1992. 1 map : col. ; 19 x 25 cm. Source: Data provided by CTIC 1991. Map prepared using automated map construction. National Cartographic Center, Fort Worth , Texas, 1991. Computer screen image map. Includes graph of "Acres planted by region" and inset map. 1006642. Language: English Descriptors: Ridge-till 268 NAL Call. No.: aG3701.J2 1992 .U53 Map Ridge-till in the United States 1992., Rev. Nov. 1992.. United States. Soil Conservation Service; National Cartography and Geographic Information Systems Center (U.S.) Fort Worth, Tex. : USDA-SCS-National Cartography & Geographic Information Systems Center ; [West Lafayette, IN.] : Conservation Technology Information Center, [distributor],; 1993. 1 map : col. ; 19 x 25 cm. Source: Data provided by CTIC 1991. Data for Alaska and Hawaii falls below minimum category. Map prepared using automated map construction. National Cartography and Geographic Information System Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 1992. Computer generated map. Includes graph of "Acres planted by region" and inset map. 1006642. Language: English; English Descriptors: Ridge-till 269 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Ridge-tillage corn response to point-injected nitrogen fertilizer. Blaylock, A.D.; Cruse, R.M. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1992 Mar. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 56 (2): p. 591-595; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Zea mays; Nitrogen; Use efficiency; Conservation tillage; Ridging; Urea ammonium nitrate; Broadcasting; Soil injection; Placement; Application rates; Crop yield; Nutrient uptake Abstract: Management practices to improve N-use efficiency have been studied repeatedly for conventional tillage and no-till systems. Little work has been done, though, to identify efficient N-placement methods for ridge-tillage systems. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that point injection of N in the ridge can optimize N-use efficiency and corn (Zea mays L.) production in ridge tillage, compared with broadcast N or injection between rows. Corn-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation studies were conducted between 1986 and 1998 on Webster and Marna silty clay loams (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll and fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Haplaquoll, respectively). Treatments consisted of a control (no N) and factorial combinations of three N-placement methods (broadcast, point injection between row, or point injection in rows) and five rates (22, 45, 67, 112, and 157 kg N ha-1) applied as urea-NH4NO3 solution (UAN). Fertilizer-N recovery by plants was determined at four growth stages in labeled-N microplots. Corn yields, percentage of N derived from fertilizer, and percentage of fertilizer N recovered were significantly greater with injected N than with broadcast N. Injection position generally did not affect plant response. Point injection of N fertilizer can improve N-uptake efficiency over broadcast methods in ridge-tillage corn, but the importance of injection position was not substantiated. 270 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295 A robust resistant approach to interpret spatial behavior of saturated hydraulic conductivity of a glacial till soil unver no-tillage system. Mohanty, B.P.; Kanwar, R.S.; Horton, R. Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1991 Nov. Water resources research v. 27 (11): p. 2979-2992; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Glacial till soils; No-tillage; Saturated hydraulic conductivity; Soil depth; Surface layers; Spatial variation Abstract: A central Iowa glacial till soil under no-tillage condition was studied for its spatial behavior of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) at the surface soil layers. Hydraulic conductivity measurements both in situ and in the laboratory were made at two depths of 15 and 30 cm at regular intervals of 4.6 m on two perpendicular transects crossing each other at the center of the field. Simplified split-window median polishing in conjunction with a robust semivariogram estimator were used to examine the spatial structure of the glacial till material. Results of this study indicated a nested structure of K at 30 cm depth. Soil clustering at the experimental site at intervals of 20 m, in addition to the soil microheterogeneity, contributed to variation in K, with an overall range of spatial dependence of K up to 60 m. Medians of split windows of 23 m width were found to be the "solo representatives" or "summary points" of the soil clusters contributing to spatial structure. In situ and laboratory measurements for K showed consistency in their trends even though some parametric variations were observed. K values observed near the soil surface at a depth of 15 cm were dominated by white noise and directional trends. 271 NAL Call. No.: HT401.A36 The role of indigenous tillage systems in sustainable food production. Rajaram, G.; Erbach, D.C.; Warren, D.M. Gainesville, Fla. : Humanities and Agriculture, University of Florida; 1991. Agriculture and human values v. 8 (1/2): p. 149-155; 1991. In the series analytic: Indigenous agricultural knowledge systems and development / edited by D.M. Warren. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; India; Conservation tillage; Indigenous knowledge; Technology; Comparisons; Food production; Sustainability 272 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6 Screening cover crops for use in conservation tillage systems for vegetables following spring plowing. Nelson, W.A.; Kahn, B.A.; Roberts, B.W. Alexandria, Va. : American Society for Horticultural Science; 1991 Jul. HortScience v. 26 (7): p. 860-862; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oklahoma; Cover crops; Screening; Conservation tillage; Vegetables; Cultivation; Herbicides; Treatment Abstract: Several prospective cover crops were sown into 1-m2 monoculture plots on 9 Mar. 1987 and 10 Mar. 1988 at Bixby, Okla., and on 14 Mar. 1988 at Lane, Okla., after sites were plowed and fitted. Densities and dry weights of cover crops and weeds were determined in late April or early May of both years. Plots also were evaluated for degree of kill by glyphosate in 1988. Fourteen cover crops were screened at Bixby in 1987. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and three fescues Festuca rubra L., Festuca rubra L. var. commutata Gaud.-Beaup., and Festuca elatior L.) were eliminated from further consideration due to inadequate cover density and inability to suppress weeds. Screenings of the 10 remaining covers were conducted at both locations in 1988. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and three small grains [rye (Secale cereale L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)] were the most promising cover crops with respect to cover density, competitiveness against weeds, and degree of kill by glyphosate. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were the most promising legumes, but they generally were less satisfactory than the grassy covers in all tested aspects. A single application of glyphosate was ineffective in killing hairy vetch at both locations. Chemical name used: N- (phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate). 273 NAL Call. No.: QH84.8.B46 Seasonal fluctuations in soil microbial biomass carbon, phosphorus nand activity in no-till and reduced-chemical-input maize agroecosystems. Buchanan, M.; King, L.D. Berlin : Springer International; 1992 Aug. Biology and fertility of soils v. 13 (4): p. 211-217; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Zea mays; Soil biology; Biomass; Carbon; Legumes; Microbial activities; No-tillage; Phosphorus; Rotations 274 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Seed rate and row spacing of no-till winter wheat. Tompkins, D.K.; Hultgreen, G.E.; Wright, A.T.; Fowler, D.B. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Jul. Agronomy journal v. 83 (4): p. 684-689; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saskatchewan; Triticum aestivum; Winter wheat; No-tillage; Sowing rates; Row spacing; Yield response functions; Yield components Abstract: A snow management system, which utilizes no-till seeding into standing stubble immediately after harvest of the previous crop, has permitted the expansion of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in western Canada. The effect of seed rate and row spacing on grain yield and yield components of no-till winter wheat were evaluated in 21 trials conducted in Saskatchewan from 1986 to 1988. Two winter wheat cultivars were evaluated in eight of the trails. The relationship between grain yield (Y) and seed rate was best described by a modified inverse polynomial: Y = uSR(1-SR/566)/(SR + u/104) where u represents the upper limit of yield when seed rate is not limiting. This curve accounted for 98% of the observed variation in grain yield. Optimum seed rate varied from 58 kg ha-1 at a very dry trial to 148 kg ha-1 in a trial with more favorable growing conditions. Grain yield increased as row spacing decreased and the effect of row spacing on grain yield was increased under more favorable growing conditions. Increased seed rate and decreased row spacing interacted positively to increase grain yield so optimum seed rate increased as row spacing decreased. Increased spikes per square meter was responsible for the increase in grain yield associated with high seed rate and narrow row spacing. In contrast, kernel weights were slightly higher with low seed rate and kernels per spike were higher with low seed rate and wide row spacing. Optimum seed rate was higher for the cultivar 'Norstar' than for 'Norwin' due to higher yield potential of Norstar under the conditions experienced in this study. 275 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Seventeen years of cropping systems and tillage affect velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) seed longevity. Lueschen, W.E.; Andersen, R.N.; Hoverstad, T.R.; Kanne, B.K. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jan. Weed science v. 41 (1): p. 82-86; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Abutilon theophrasti; Weed control; Continuous cropping; Fallow; Rotations; Tillage; No-tillage; Atrazine; Glyphosate; Seed longevity; Seed germination; Soil depth; Medicago sativa; Zea mays; Avena sativa Abstract: Velvetleaf is difficult to control in corn and soybean and the seed can persist in soil for many years. Seven cultural and tillage practices were established in 1974 on a site heavily infested with velvetleaf to determine the time required to eradicate velvetleaf seed from the soil. A rapid decline in velvetleaf seed population in the top 23 cm of soil occurred during the first 5 yr of this study. In the fifth year, the chemical fallow and continuous alfalfa treatments had 37 and 56% of the original velvetleaf seed population remaining, respectively. In the 17th year, soils in these treatments that had received no tillage since study initiation still contained 15 and 25% of the original velvetleaf seed population, respectively. Systems involving moldboard plowing with continuous-tillage fallow, continuous cropping of corn or oat, or an annual corn and soybean rotation had a more rapid decline in the velvetleaf seed population in soil compared to the chemical fallow and continuous alfalfa treatment. After 17 yr, soil in any system that had received at least one moldboard plowing per year still contained 1 to 3 million velvetleaf seed ha-1, which is only 0.8 to 2.5% of the initial viable seed population. Nearly 100% of the seed remaining in the soil in the 17th year for all treatments was still viable. 276 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Soil and corn response to tillage with paraplow. Erbach, D.C.; Benjamin, J.G.; Cruse, R.M.; Elamin, M.A.; Mukhtar, S.; Choi, C.H. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (5): p. 1347-1354; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Zea mays; Tillage; Plows; Crop yield; Soil physical properties Abstract: Corn (Zea mays L.) grown following corn, on poorly drained, fine-textured soils, with no-till tends to yield less than with other tillage systems. Surface residues conserved with no-till reduce erosion, thus, techniques must be found to avoid yield reductions. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate use of the Paraplow (Howard Rotovator Co., Inc.), a tillage tool that loosens soil without inversion, for continuous corn production. No-till, chisel plow, moldboard plow, and Paraplow systems were evaluated on three poorly drained, medium- and fine-textured soils in Iowa. All tillage tools reduced bulk density and penetration resistance to the depth of tillage. However, after planting only the soil tilled with the Paraplow remained less dense. Plant residue cover had more effect on corn growth than did soil loosening. Emergence and yield of corn were inversely related to amount of residue on soil surface after planting. 277 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Soil carbon and nitrogen changes on initiation of no-till cropping systems. Wood, C.W.; Westfall, D.G.; Peterson, G.A. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 Mar. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (2): p. 470-476; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Colorado; No-tillage; Grasslands; Intensive cropping; Nitrate nitrogen; Soil chemistry; Soil depth; Soil fertility; Toposequences; Carbon; Nitrogen Abstract: Previous research indicates that increased cropping intensity (crops/time) under no-till may increase soil organic C and N contents and reduce risk for NO3-N leaching, compared with tilled and frequent-fallow systems. This study was conducted to determine the effect of cropping intensity on changes in soil organic C and N and NO3-N after 4 yr (1985-1989) of no-till and perennial grassland management. The effects were examined over three toposequences in the west-central Great Plains that had been previously under tilled and frequent-fallow systems for >50 yr. Production systems included wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow (WF), wheat-corn (Zea mays L.) or sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench)-millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)-fallow (WCMF), and perennial grass (CG). Organic C and N accumulated, was maintained, and declined in 0- to 2.5-,2.5- to 5-, and 5- to 10-cm soil layers, respectively, for all systems in the relatively short study period (4 yr). More intense systems (WCMF and CG) had greater contents of soil organic C and N in the aggregate 0- to 10-cm layer than WF after 4 yr. Smaller profile (0-180 cm) NO3-N contents occurred under WCMF (60 kg ha-1) and CG (10 kg ha-1) than WF (120 kg ha-1) systems, and showed promise for reducing NO3-N leaching risk with increased cropping intensity. This study indicates that rapid changes in C and N occur with initiation of no-till in soils previously managed under tilled and frequent-fallow systems and that increased cropping intensity will promote higher equilibrium levels of organic C and N, but lower levels of NO3-N. 278 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Soil loss form conservation tillage for sorghum. McGregor, K.C.; Mutchler, C.K. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 Nov. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (6): p. 1841-1845; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Sorghum; Losses from soil; Ridging; Conservation tillage Abstract: Soil loss was measured from ridge-till, reduced-till (no-till plant and cultivate), no-till, and conventional-till grain sorghum on 22.1-m long, up-and-down-hill erosion plots. Soil loss ratios were computed from measurements for each crop stage of the tillage systems for use in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to estimate soil loss. Annual soil loss from the ridge-till sorghum averaged 5.7 t/ha compared to 7.8 t/ha from conventional-till and 3.3 t/ha from reduced-till. Greater losses from the ridge-till than from reduced-till were attributed to erosiveness of the higher ridges in ridge-till. No-till was far superior to the other systems in controlling erosion. Soil loss was 2 t/ha following conventional-till cotton. Significantly, no-till soil loss after no-till cotton was reduced to 0.3 t/ha. 279 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU783 Soil management for irrigated vegetable production. I. The growth of processing tomatoes following soil preparation by cultivation, zero-tillage and an in situ-grown mulch. Stirzaker, R.J.; Sutton, B.G.; Collis-George, N. Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1993. Australian journal of agricultural research v. 44 (4): p. 817-829; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New South Wales; Lycopersicon esculentum; Growth; Irrigated conditions; Mulches; No-tillage; Soil fertility; Trifolium subterraneum; Cultivation 280 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6 Soil nitrate concentrations under corn as affected by tillage, manure, and fertilizer applications. Angle, J.S.; Gross, C.M.; Hill, R.L.; McIntosh, M.S. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jan. Journal of environmental quality v. 22 (1): p. 141-147; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Maryland; Nitrate nitrogen; Leaching; Zea mays; Tillage; No-tillage; Manures; Ammonium nitrate; Crop yield; Soil depth; Application rates Abstract: A 3-yr study was conducted to examine combination effects of tillage (no-till, conventional-till), manure, and inorganic fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) on leaching of nitrates from the root zone of corn (Zea mays L.). Soil cores were collected every spring to a depth of 210 cm and analyzed for NO3-N. Leaching of NO3-N significantly increased as fertilizer N rates increased, especially when rates exceeded the crop's potential to assimilate N. The concentration of soil nitrate (averaged over depth and tillage) in Year 3 of the study under the unfertilized control plots was 2.5 mg NO3-N kg-1, whereas the concentration under plots fertilized with 260 kg N ha-1 was 8.7 mg NO3-N kg-1. Soil nitrate concentrations were consistently lower under no-tillage when compared with conventional-tillage. Tillage differences were greatest when high rates of N were added to soil. These results indicate that the use of no-tillage cultivation may reduce the leaching of nitrates beyond the crop root zone. 281 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Soil nitrogen status as affected by tillage, crops, and crop sequences. Eck, H.V.; Jones, O.R. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jul. Agronomy Journal v. 84 (4): p. 660-668; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Sorghum bicolor; Continuous cropping; Sequential cropping; No-tillage; Stubble mulching; Conservation tillage; Fallow; Soil fertility; Nitrogen; Nutrient availability; Nitrate nitrogen; Crop yield; Grain; Leaching; Losses from soil systems Abstract: Conservation tillage practices, including no-till (NT), reduce soil erosion and increase precipitation storage efficiency, but may decrease available soil N. We conducted studies at two sites to determine the comparative effects of NT and stubble mulch (SM) on the N supplying capacity of Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustolls) cropped to continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (CW), continuous grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (CS), wheat-sorghum-fallow (WSF), and wheat-fallow (WF) sequences. AT one site, accumulation of NO3-N in the surface 1.2 m (in kg ha-1) was CW NT-20, CW SM-37, CS NT-28; CS SM-24, WSF NT-34, WSF SM-52, WF NT-57, and WF SM-60. Tillage significantly affected N accumulation only on the WSF sequence. Nitrate -N moved deeper into the profile under NT than under SM, indicating that differences in the root zone may have resulted from differential leaching rather than from differential nitrification. Yields under no-till and stubble mulch were similar except on continuous grain sorghum where nitrogen deficiency was encountered and stubble mulch outyielded no-till. 282 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Soil physical properties as affected by grain cart traffic. Wood, R.K.; Reeder, R.C.; Morgan, M.T.; Holmes, R.G. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1993 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (1): p. 11-15; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ohio; Soil compaction; Soil physical properties; Tillage; Trafficability Abstract: Changes in soil physical properties resulting from multiple passes of an 18 m3 single-axle grain cart with a 15.2 t axle load were measured one year after the traffic occurred. Air permeability, air-filled porosity, and dry density data were analyzed to determine how the soil responded to grain cart traffic and pre- and post-traffic tillage. Four repeated passes of the cart decreased air-filled porosity and permeability by as much as 50% in the 200- to 400-mm depth range when compared to the effect of a single wheel pass. With pre-traffic chisel plowing to a depth of 200 mm, most of the compaction in the 100- to 200-mm depth occurred on the first pass. However, four repeated passes had a greater effect on soil properties in the plots that received no tillage compared to the plots that were chiseled before trafficking. 283 NAL Call. No.: S662.F4 Soil sampling patterns for assessing no-tillage fertilization tehcniques. Tyler, D.D.; Howard, D.D. Manchester, Mo. : Fluid Fertilizer Foundation; 1991. Journal of fertilizer issues v. 8 (3): p. 52-56; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Silt loam soils; Fertilizer requirement determination; Soil testing; Sampling; Random sampling; Soil test values; Spatial variation; No-tillage; Phosphorus; Potassium; Nitrogen; Potassium fertilizers; Urea ammonium nitrate; Phosphorus pentoxide; Broadcasting; Band placement; Soil depth; Furrows 284 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6 Sorption-desorption kinetics of alachlor in surface soil from two soybean tillage systems. Locke, M.A. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Oct. Journal of environmental quality v. 21 (4): p. 558-566; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Alachlor; Sorption; Tillage; No-tillage; Surface layers; Silt loam soils; Desorption; Agitation; Soil organic matter Abstract: Alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetamide] sorption patterns were evaluated in surface (0-5 cm) Dundee silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Aeric Ochraqualf) soil collected from long-term conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plots. Three concentrations of [14C] alachlor (0.58, 2.44, and 18.1 micromoles L-1) in 0.01 M CaCl2 were added to soil (3 g/18 mL) and samples were shaken for time periods ranging from 1 min to 96 h. The difference between initial and final alachlor concentration was attributed to sorption. Desorption (0.01 M CaCl2) was measured for samples initially sorbed for 1, 24, or 96 h. Desorbed soils were extracted with methanol and then combusted. Freundlich parameters (K(f), [1/n]) were calculated for alachlor sorption and desorption using nonlinear regression. Sorption K(f) values for soil from both tillage systems increased as sorption shaking time increased. Desorption was hysteretic, and length of sorption shaking increased nonsingularity. Sorption K(f) values measured for NT were greater than CT for each of the 1, 24, and 96 h sorption shaking times. Similarly, desorption K(f) values for NT were greater than for CT. Kinetics were evaluated using a three-site model. Sorption patterns indicated rapid initial sorption up to approximately 3 h followed by slower sorption. No change in solution alachlor was observed after 48 h for either tillage treatment. Labile and restricted fractions increased with time, especially for NT. The increased rate and overall quantity of alachlor sorption in NT was attributed to higher soil organic residues. 285 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Soybean planting date, row width, and seeding rate response in three tillage systems. Oplinger, E.S.; Philbrook, B.D. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jan. Journal of production agriculture v. 5 (1): p. 94-99; 1992 Jan. Paper presented at a symposium on "Ecology and Management of Grazing Systems" presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, January 14-19, 1991, San Francisco, California. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Wisconsin; Glycine max; Planting date; Row spacing; Width; Sowing rates; No-tillage; Conservation tillage; Tillage; Crop yield 286 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Soybean production as affected by tillage in a corn and soybean management system. II. Seed treatment response. Lueschen, W.E.; Evans, S.D.; Ford, J.H.; Hoverstad, T.R.; Kanne, B.K.; Orf, J.H.; Staricka, J.A.; Steinstra, W.C.; Warnes, D.D.; Hicks, D.R. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Oct. Journal of production agriculture v. 4 (4): p. 580-585; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Minnesota; Glycine max; Cultivars; Zea mays; Rotations; Phytophthora; Root rots; Plant disease control; Captan; Metalaxyl; No-tillage; Ridging; Moldboards; Plowing; Chiselling; Seed treatment; Responses; Crop production; Performance; Crop yield; Crop density; Seed germination; Seedling emergence; Plant height; Maturation; Seeds; Weight; Seedlings; Vigor; Seed quality; Varietal susceptibility; Interactions; Temporal variation; Spatial variation 287 NAL Call. No.: 100 T25F Soybean varieties evaluated for response to narrow rows and cross-checked planting systems under no-till. Graves, C.R.; Harrison, M.P.; Bradley, J.F. Knoxville : Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Tennessee,; 1993. Tennessee farm and home science : progress report (166): p. 32-34; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tennessee; Cabt; Glycine max; Row spacing; No-tillage; Crop yield; Cultivars 288 NAL Call. No.: S561.6.A82E96 Soybeans--no-till, following wheat, loamy soils, flood irrigation. Windham, T.E.; Stuart, C.A.; Herrington, B.E. Jr Fayetteville, Ark.?: The Service; 1991 Nov. Extension technical bulletin - UA Cooperative Extension Service (155): 6 p.; 1991 Nov. Language: English Descriptors: Arkansas; Glycine max; Crop production; Cost analysis; Farm budgeting; Production costs; Loam soils; No-tillage; Flood irrigation 289 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 Spring- and fall-tillage system effects on Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) emergence from a coastal plain soil. Chapin, J.W.; Thomas, J.S.; Sullivan, M.J. Griffin, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1992 Oct. Journal of entomological science v. 27 (4): p. 293-300; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Carolina; Triticum aestivum; Mayetiola destructor; No-tillage; Discing; Straw burning; Plowing; Spring; Autumn; Insect control 290 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Stand and yield of cucumber seeded with gel and fungicides in various tillage systems. Ghate, S.R.; Sumner, D.R.; Phatak, S.C. Guildford : Butterworths; 1991 Feb. Crop protection v. 10 (1): p. 23-27; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Cucumis sativus; Seeds; Drilling; Gels; Seed dressings; Metalaxyl; Flutolanil; Chemical control; Rhizoctonia solani; Pythium; Seed germination; Stand establishment; Seedling emergence; Conservation tillage; Deep tillage; Harrowing; Mowing; Crop yield; Crop density; Disease prevalence; Incidence 291 NAL Call. No.: 100 SO82 (3) Starter P fertilizer placement as a 'pop-up' application for ridge-till corn and soybeans. Woodard, H.J.; Sorensen, D.R.; Claypool, D.A.; Winther, D. Brookings, S.D. : The Station; 1992 Oct. TB - Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University (99): 6 p.; 1992 Oct. In the series analytic: Soil science research in the Plant Science Department : 1991 Annual Report. Soil PR 91-25. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; Glycine max; Zea mays; Phosphorus; Row tillage; Application methods; Crop yield; Dry matter 292 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Still video analysis of crop residue soil covers. Morrison, J.E. Jr; Chichester, F.W. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Nov. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (6): p. 2469-2474. ill; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Crop residues; Conservation tillage; Mulches; Imagery Abstract: A still video system was used to take RGB color images for system calibration, procedural developments, and initial analyses of percentage of soil covered by crop residues. A state-of-the-art PC image processor was used with customized software. A simplistic discrimination technique was used to classify individual image pixels as either residue cover or soil background. It was determined that analysis of only 12% of the image pixels would provide stable results. Shadows were not a significant problem. Color of the background affected the results, even with residues simulated with wooden dowels of known dimensions. Relative size of the residue pieces affected the performance, with better performance achieved with thick residues, such as corn, as contrasted with wheat residues. Analyses of actual residue images were generally too variable to be acceptable without further development on the discrimination of colors and soil backgrounds. 293 NAL Call. No.: S590.C63 Stratification of soil acidity derived from nitrogen fertilization in winter wheat tillage systems. Jacobsen, J.S.; Westerman, R.L. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1991. Communications in soil science and plant analysis v. 22 (13/14): p. 1335-1346; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oklahoma; Triticum aestivum; Winter wheat; Silt loam soils; Clay loam soils; Soil acidity; Acidification; Stratigraphy; Profiles; Conservation tillage; No-tillage; Urea; Soil acidulants; Soil depth; Broadcasting; Surface layers; Soil ph; Application rates; Application date; Continuous cropping; Statistical analysis 294 NAL Call. No.: S601.A34 Subterranean clover living mulch: an alternative method of weed control. Ilnicki, R.D.; Enache, A.J. Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1992 May. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment v. 40 (1/4): p. 249-264; 1992 May. In the Special Issue: Biotic Diversity in Agroecosystems / edited by M.G. Paoletti and D. Pimentel. Proceedings from a symposium on Agroecology and Conservation Issues in Tropical and a Temperate Regions, September 26-29, 1990, Padova, Italy. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New Jersey; Weed control; Live mulches; Trifolium subterraneum; Mulches; Secale cereale; Cover crops; Zea mays; Glycine max; Cucurbita pepo; Brassica oleracea; Phaseolus vulgaris; Lycopersicon esculentum; Tillage; Minimum tillage; No-tillage; Herbicides; Weeds; Biomass production; Crop yield; Alternative farming 295 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6 Survival and growth of peach trees planted in killed bahiagrass at an old orchard site. Evert, D.R.; Bertrand, P.F. Alexandria, Va. : American Society for Horticultural Science; 1993 Jan. HortScience v. 28 (1): p. 26-28; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Prunus persica; Growth; Survival; Paspalum notatum; Planting; Tillage; No-tillage; Fenamiphos; Root treatment; Nematode control; Mineral nutrition; Plant parasitic nematodes Abstract: More peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees survived when planted in killed bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge 'Paraguayan-22') sod growing between previous orchard tree rows (98%) than when planted in previous tree sites (81%) or in previous tree rows, but halfway between previous tree sites (79%). The previous orchard was removed Nov. 1986, and new trees were planted Feb. 1987. Surviving trees in the killed sod grew better than trees at the other two sites. Tilling the sites before planting did not affect nematode populations or tree survival and growth. Soaking the tree roots in a fenamiphos solution (1 g.liter-1) for 20 minutes before planting resulted in 79% tree survival vs. 93% survival for the nonsoaked trees. Fenamiphos sprayed under the trees at a rate of 11.2 kg.ha-1 during the spring and fall of the planting year did not change nematode populations, tree survival, or tree growth. The fenamiphos sprays reduced the increase in trunk cross-sectional area by 3 cm2 for trees in the sod. Other than leaf Zn concentration, which was low, concentrations of the elements were within the sufficiency range for Georgia for all treatments. Trees planted in the killed sod had an increased leaf K concentration and decreased leaf Mg concentration when compared with trees planted in the rows. 296 NAL Call. No.: 1.9 P69P Survival of Cercospora zeae-maydis in corn residue in Ohio. Nazareno, N.R.X. de; Lipps, P.E.; Madden, L.V. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1992 Jun. Plant disease v. 76 (6): p. 560-563; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ohio; Zea mays; Cercospora zeae-maydis; Survival; Overwintering; Crop residues; Infections; Leaves; Leaf sheaths; Lesions; Incorporation; Tillage; No-tillage; Conidia; Sporulation; Spore germination; Climatic factors; Seasonal fluctuations; Winter; Spring; Biodegradation 297 NAL Call. No.: Videocassette no.1244 Sustainable agriculture practices for field crop production in the Northeast written and directed by Joan Falkenberg ; project coordinator, Jane Mt. Pleasant. Falkenberg, Joan Cornell University, Cooperative Extension, Cornell University, Audio-Visual Resource Center Ithaca, NY : [Cornell Cooperative Extension?] : Audio-Visual Resource Center [Distributor],; 1991. 1 videocassette (12 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Produced for Cornell Cooperative Extension at the Eductional Television Center, Media Services, Cornell University. Language: English Descriptors: Sustainable agriculture; Pests; Conservation tillage; Cropping systems Abstract: Covers the following sustainable agricultural topics in economic and environmental terms: crop rotation, soil testing for nutrient management, conservation tillage, integrated pest management, planting cover crops, and record keeping. 298 NAL Call. No.: S601.A34 Sustainable dryland cropping in southern Australia: a review. Hoare, J. Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1992 Feb. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment v. 38 (3): p. 193-204; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South australia; Dry farming; Sustainability; Alternative farming; Stubble cultivation; Minimum tillage; Cultivation; Rotations; Soil structure; Soil ph; Soil salinity; Acidification; Clay loam soils; Herbicides; Land use; Mediterranean climate; Direct sowing; Soil conservation 299 NAL Call. No.: SB197.A1T7 Sustaining multiple production systems. 2. Soil fertility decline and restoration of cropping lands in sub-tropical Queensland. Dalal, R.C.; Strong, W.M.; Weston, E.J.; Gaffney, J. St Lucia : Tropical Grassland Society of Australia; 1991 Jun. Tropical grasslands v. 25 (2): p. 173-180; 1991 Jun. Paper presented at the "Fourth Australian Conference on Tropical Pastures," November, 1990, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Queensland; Multiple land use; Sustainability; Tropical grasslands; Pastures; Nitrogen content; Soil fertility; Nitrogen fixation; Leguminosae; No-tillage; Ley farming; Rotations; Soil degradation; Productivity; Agropastoral systems; Subtropics 300 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 System for collecting undisturbed cores from surface soils for micromorphological analysis. Rhoton, F.E.; McChesney, D.S. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 Nov. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (6): p. 1796-1797; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Silt loam soils; Undisturbed sampling; Core sampling; Surface layers; Soil micromorphology; Conservation tillage; Core samplers; Hydraulic equipment; Structural design; Production costs Abstract: Intact soil cores are difficult to extract from reduced-tillage plots using available equipment due to the tendency of cores to separate at planes of weakness. A split-tube sampler was developed to minimize disruptions of the natural soil fabric that frequently occur as the core is removed from the sampling equipment. Construction details are provided that permit this equipment to be attached to standard hydraulically driven soil-coring equipment. Use of this equipment, in conjunction with sample containers that are resistant to laboratory pretreatment procedures and impregnating resins, greatly reduced sample handling and the potential for creating structural anomalies. 301 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Tank-mix combinations for weed control in stale seedbed soybean (Glycine max). Bruff, S.A.; Shaw, D.R. Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 6 (1): p. 45-51; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Glycine max; Weed control; Chemical control; Cassia obtusifolia; Ipomoea lacunosa; Sesbania exaltata; Herbicide mixtures; Chlorimuron; Imazaquin; Metribuzin; Paraquat; Glyphosate; Conservation tillage 302 NAL Call. No.: TD424.35.T2W37 Tennessee is a leader in no-till agriculture. Denton, H.P. Knoxville, Tenn. : The Service; 1992 May. Water protection conservation management v. 5 (2): p. 2; 1992 May. Language: English Descriptors: Tennessee; No-tillage; Erosion; Erosion control 303 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Tillage and crop rotation affect corn, soybean, and winter wheat yields. Lund, M.G.; Carter, P.R.; Oplinger, E.S. Madison, WI : American Society of Agronomy, c1987-; 1993 Apr. Journal of production agriculture v. 6 (2): p. 207-213; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Wisconsin; Cabt; Zea mays; Glycine max; Triticum aestivum; Rotations; Crop yield; Plowing; Moldboards; No-tillage; Continuous cropping; Sequential cropping; Crop residues; Soil temperature; Plant height; Seed moisture; Crop density; Cultivars 304 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Tillage and crop rotation effects on fertility status of a hapludult soil. Edwards, J.H.; Wood, C.W.; Thurlow, D.L.; Ruf, M.E. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1992 Sep. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 56 (5): p. 1577-1582; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Alabama; Zea mays; Triticum aestivum; Glycine max; Hapludults; No- tillage; Conservation tillage; Tillage; Continuous cropping; Rotations; Cover crops; Soil ph; Soil organic matter; Bulk density; Nutrient availability; Soil fertility Abstract: Tillage and crop rotations influence soil characteristics and may alter nutrient availability. A study was conducted at the Sand Mountain Substation, Crossville, AL, to determine the effects of 10 yr of conservation tillage and crop rotation on soil fertility. Tillage systems included no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT); crop rotations were continuous corn (Zea mays L.)--wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover (CW) continuous soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-wheat for cover (SW), and corn-wheat cover-soybean-wheat cover (CWSW). Soil pH, organic matter, bulk density, and Mehlich-1 (double-acid) extractable P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu were determined on samples collected after 10 growing seasons. Tillage system did not affect soil pH; however, CW and CWSW crop rotations lowered soil pH due to applications of N fertilizers. Organic matter was increased from 10 g kg-1 in the surface 15 cm to 15.5 g kg-1 in the surface 10 cm after 10 yr of NT. This represents an increase in organic matter of 56%, while organic matter was constant under CT. Organic matter was affected by crop rotation and decreased in order or CW > CWSW > SW. Bulk density decreased under NT compared with CT. Crop rotations decreased bulk density in the order of CWS > SW > CW. Double-acid-extractable nutrients were affected by tillage, crop rotation, and soil depth. Potassium availability was greater in the rotations CW and CWSW under CT than in the same crop sequence under NT. Rotations with a higher frequency of corn appeared to negatively affect P, Ca, and Mg availability due to lower soil pH values. Our results demonstrate that long-term soil management practices affect soil pH, organic matter, bulk density, and nutrient availability. They further show that different tillage and crop rotations may require distinctly different soil fertility management. 305 NAL Call. No.: S494.5.S86S8 Tillage and crop rotation effects on soil organic matter in a Typic Hapludult of northern Alabama. Wood, C.W.; Edwards, J.H.; Cummins, C.G. Binghamton, N.Y. : Food Products Press; 1991. Journal of sustainable agriculture v. 2 (2): p. 31-41; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Alabama; Glycine max; Zea mays; Triticum aestivum; Hapludults; Tillage; No-tillage; Rotations; Soil organic matter; Nitrogen; Carbon; Long term experiments 306 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Tillage and cropping system effects on cotton yield and profitability on the Texas Southern High Plains. Segarra, E.; Keeling, J.W.; Abernathy, J.R. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Oct. Journal of production agriculture v. 4 (4): p. 566-571; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Gossypium hirsutum; Triticum aestivum; Sorghum bicolor; Rotations; Continuous cropping; Furrow irrigation; Dry farming; Conservation tillage; No-tillage; Tillage; Profitability; Ranking; Valuation; Returns; Fixed costs; Variable costs; Farm inputs; Temporal variation; Crop weed competition; Herbicides; Loam soils; Precipitation; Crop yield; Lint; Stochastic processes 307 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Tillage and simulated rainfall intensity effect on bromide movement in an Argiudoll. Bicki, T.J.; Guo, L. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 May. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (3): p. 794-799; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Glycine max; Zea mays; Bromide; Chemicals; Infiltration; Movement in soil; No-tillage; Rainfall simulators; Silt loam soils; Soil physical properties; Tillage Abstract: Movement of Br- in a Flanagan silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aquic Argiudoll) managed under five different tillage systems and subjected to three simulated rainfall intensities was documented. Under low (10 mm/h) and medium (25 mm/h) simulated rainfall intensities, movement of Br-in the soil profile was not significantly different between moldboard plow, chisel plow, disk plow, para-till, and no-till systems. When subjected to a high simulated rainfall intensity, significantly greater Br- movement occurred in the soil profile managed under continuous, long-term no-till. Greater movement of Br- in the no-till soil was attributed to preferential flow. 308 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Tillage- and traffic-induced changes in macroporosity and macropore continuity: air permeability assessment. Roseberg, R.J. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1992 Jul. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 56 (4): p. 1261-1267; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Macropores; Geometry; Porosity; Quantitative analysis; Soil air; Permeability; Soil analysis; Tillage; No-tillage; Wheels; Zea mays; Medicago sativa; Bulk density Abstract: Quantitative analysis of macropore geometry in undisturbed soils has been hindered by difficulties in creating conditions where macropore measurements can be separated from matrix pore measurements. Such analysis is important, however, for evaluating tillage management effects on both root growth and solute movement. Inferences regarding management effects on macroporosity were made possible by combining the use of improved air-permeability techniques with two recently developed methods to analyze air- permeability (Ka) data, using undisturbed soil samples from a tillage study. Log10 Ka values exhibited a near-normal distribution. In wheel-traffic interrows (Wh), macropore air permeability was significantly less under conventional-tillage corn (CT) than no-tillage corn (NT) and no-tillage alfalfa (ALF). Tillage differences were usually not significant in non-wheel-traffic interrows (NWh). Wheel traffic significantly decreased air permeability for CT, but not for NT or ALF. The two methods or analyzing air-permeability data yielded similar inferences regarding macropore geometry. Conventional tillage decreased bulk density (increasing total porosity) for NWh only, but seemed to decrease the stability, number, and continuity of macropores relative to NT and ALF. Macroporosity and macropore geometric factors were affected little by traffic for NT and ALF, but traffic significantly affected CT macropores in this study where samples were taken approximately 1 mo after corn planting. 309 NAL Call. No.: S590.C63 Tillage effects on selected physical properties of grantsburg silt loam. Kitur, B.K.; Olson, K.R.; Siemens, J.C.; Phillips, S.R. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1993. Communications in soil science and plant analysis v. 24 (13/14): p. 1509-1527; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Zea mays; Glycine max; Silt loam soils; No-tillage; Chiselling; Plowing; Resistance to penetration; Bulk density; Aggregates; Stability; Pore size; Soil pore system 310 NAL Call. No.: 81 SO12 Tillage reduces yield and crown, fern, and bud growth in a mature asparagus planting. Wilcox-Lee, D.; Drost, D.T. Alexandria, Va. : The Society; 1991 Nov. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science v. 116 (6): p. 937-941; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New York; Asparagus officinalis; No-tillage; Tillage; Crop yield; Growth; Weed control; Carbohydrates; Metribuzin; Napropamide; Roots; Seasonal variation Abstract: Asparagus officinalis L. cv. Centennial established with transplants in 1983 was maintained with tillage or a no-till (NT) system to evaluate effects of tillage on yield and plant growth in a mature asparagus planting. Metribuzin or metribuzin + napropamide at 1.12 and 1.68 kg a.i./ha, respectively, were used for weed control in both tillage regimes. Marketable yields were assessed for 5 years. In 1989, in addition to yield data, destructive harvests of entire plants were made every 3 weeks from March to November to evaluate the effect of tillage on fern, crown, and bud growth, and carbohydrate status. Yields were reduced by tillage from 12% to 50% from 1985 to 1989. There were no herbicide effects nor was there an effect on yield due to an interaction between herbicides and tillage. All indices of growth measured for NT exceeded those in tilled plots, although seasonal patterns of growth were similar in both. Crown and fern weight, bud cluster, and bud and fern counts were higher by 178%, 175%, 152%, 161%, and 195%, respectively, in NT than in tilled plots. The metribuzin + napropamide combination did not reduce fern fresh weight or yield, but significantly reduced the number of bud clusters, buds, and ferns when compared to metribuzin alone. 311 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.J68 Tillage, row spacing, and planting date effects on soybean following corn or wheat. Lueschen, W.E.; Ford, J.H.; Evans, S.D.; Kanne, B.K.; Hoverstad, T.R.; Randall, G.W.; Orf, J.H.; Hicks, D.R. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Apr. Journal of production agriculture v. 5 (2): p. 254-260; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Minnesota; Glycine max; Zea mays; Triticum aestivum; Crop yield; Tillage; Plowing; Moldboards; Chiselling; Discing; Ridging; No-tillage; Rotations; Row spacing; Planting date; Crop density; Crop residues 312 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6 Tillage treatments and earthworm distribution in a swiss experimental corn field. Wyss, E.; Glasstetter, M. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Dec. Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (12): p. 1635-1639; 1992 Dec. In the special issue ISEE 4. Proceedings of the "4th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology," June 11-15, 1990, Avignon, France / edited by A. Kretzschmar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Switzerland; Oligochaeta; Species; Earthworms; Populations; Zea mays; Tillage; Conservation tillage; Catch cropping; Undersowing; Biological activity in soil; Species diversity; Population density; Biomass; Population distribution Abstract: A pedobiological investigation was performed on a soil erosion research area of the Geographical Institute of the University of Basel from April to November 1989. The site belongs to, and is cultivated by, the Agricultural School Centre "Kantonale Landwirtschaftliche Schule" Stickhof/Eschikon in Lindau near Zurich (northern Switzerland). In a cropping experiment with corn (Zea mays), the influence of four tillage systems on earthworm populations was studied. Aspects of soil physics and soil chemistry were integrated into the investigation. The earthworms were extracted by means of the hand sorting method at six dates in 1989 chosen to represent typical periods of corn cropping. The four tested tillage systems had an influence on earthworm species composition, abundance, and biomass: (1) The consequence of tillage itself was a reduction of about 50% of abundance (number of individuals m-2 and 30% of biomass (g live w m-2), but these losses were equalized during the following months. (2) The minimum tillage (strip zone tillage with a rotary cultivator and simultaneous seeding) caused a higher soil compaction, a negative selection of horizontally burrowing ("endoge") species, and a subsequent diminution of their abundance. (3) Ploughing had a disadvantageous effect on vertically burrowing ("anecique") species. (4) The winter catch crop cover enhanced the food supply and hence the earthworm biomass. An undersown cover had an additional favourable effct on earthworms. 313 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Timing nitrogen applications for corn in a winter legume conservation-tillage system. Reeves, D.W.; Wood, C.W.; Touchton, J.T. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1993 Jan. Agronomy journal v. 85 (1): p. 98-106; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Alabama; Zea mays; Conservation tillage; Trifolium incarnatum; Cover crops; Coastal plain soils; Nitrogen fertilizers; Application rates; Fertilizer requirement determination; Application date; Timing; Nutrient uptake; Nitrogen; Use efficiency; Crop yield; Grain; Dry matter accumulation; Split dressings Abstract: Fertilizer N efficiency of corn (Zea mays L.) in conservation-tillage systems with winter legumes such as crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) can possible be improved by better synchronization of legume-N release, fertilizer-N application time, and crop demand for N. The objective of this 3-yr (1986-1988) field experiment was to determine the effect of N application time on dry matter accumulation, N uptake, and grain yield of corn grown in a winter legume conservation-tillage system. Corn was planted with unit planters into crimson clover residue following in-row subsoiling. The clover was killed at midbloom every year. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of fertilizer N rates and application time. Nitrogen as NH4NO3 was broadcast at rates of 34, 67, and 134 kg ha(-1). Zero-N checks were also included in both clover and rye (Secale cereal L.) plots. Application times were at planting, or 3, 6, or 9 wk later. In addition, split applications (1/3 at planting and the remainder 6 wk later) of the 67 and 134 kg N ha(-1) rates were included. In 2 of 3 yr, dry matter accumulation was not affected by N application time. In 1987, however, dry matter production was greater when N was applied at planting compared to split applications or applications later than 3 wk after planting. Application time affected N uptake patterns during the growing season, but generally did not affect total N uptake at the end of the season. With the exception of the first year, split N applications resulted in equivalent or reduced N uptake compared to application of all N at planting. Based on linear regression models, maximum yield was obtained with 134, 116, and 93 kg N ha(-1) in 1987, 1988, and 1989, respectively. After the first year, applying N later than 6 wk after planting reduced grain yield and split applications of N were not effective in increasing grain yield. These results suggest that the fertilizer N requirement of corn grown in winter legume conservation -tillage syste 314 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Timing of chlorimuron and imazaquin application for weed control in no-till soybeans (Glycine max). Carey, J.B.; Defelice, M.S. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Apr. Weed science v. 39 (2): p. 232-237; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Missouri; Glycine max; No-tillage; Weed control; Chemical control; Chlorimuron; Imazaquin; Herbicide mixtures; Metribuzin; Glyphosate; Metolachlor; Preplanting treatment; Timing; Application date; Row spacing; Crop yield; Seeds; Chenopodium album; Xanthium strumarium; Setaria faberi; Annuals Abstract: Field studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of herbicide application timing on weed control in no-till soybean production. Row spacing generally had no effect on weed control. Herbicide treatments containing chlorimuron plus metribuzin applied as many as 45 days prior to planting in 1988 and 1989 controlled broadleaf weeds throughout the growing season. Imazaquin applied 45 and 30 days prior to planting provided poor control of common cocklebur in 1989. Giant foxtail control was inconsistent with all herbicide treatments. Soybean yields subsequent to early preplant herbicide applications were greater than or equal to those in which applications were made at planting when late-season weed control was adequate. Herbicides applied preemergence did not control high densities of common lambsquarters in 1989. 315 NAL Call. No.: 100 AL1H Tropical corn offers new options for conservation-tillage. Kingery, R.C.; Reeves, D.W.; Mask, P.L. Auburn University, Ala. : The Station; 1993. Highlights of agricultural research - Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station v. 40 (1): p. 12; 1993. Language: English Descriptors: Alabama; Zea mays; Conservation tillage; Rotations; Cultivars; Trifolium pratense; Nitrogen; Crop yield; Cost benefit analysis 316 NAL Call. No.: S590.C63 Twelve-year tillage and corp rotation effects on yields and soil chemical properties in northeast-Iowa. Karlen, D.L.; Berry, E.C.; Colvin, T.S. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1991. Communications in soil science and plant analysis v. 2 (19/20): p. 1985-2003; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Iowa; Zea mays; Glycine max; Loam soils; Rotations; Continuous cropping; Plowing; Chiselling; Ridging; No-tillage; Sustainability; Crop yield; Grain; Soil ph; Soil organic matter; Phosphorus; Potassium; Calcium; Magnesium; Carbon; Nitrogen; Nitrate nitrogen; Carbon-nitrogen ratio; Nutrient availability; Soil depth; Use efficiency; Fertilizers; Application rates; Plant analysis; Nutrient content; Fertilizer requirement determination; Seasonal variation 317 NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84 Up with the midnight sun. Corliss, J. Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1992 Apr. Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service v. 40 (4): p. 11; 1992 Apr. Language: English Descriptors: Alaska; Conservation tillage; Agricultural research; Teachers; Work experience programs 318 NAL Call. No.: QH545.A1E58 Uptake and accumulation of selenium by terrestrial plants growing on a coal fly ash landfill. I. Corn. Arthur, M.A.; Rubin, G.; Schneider, R.E.; Weinstein, L.H. Elmsford, N.Y. : Pergamon Press; 1992. Environmental toxicology and chemistry v. 11 (4): p. 541-547; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Selenium; Fly ash; Coal; Uptake; Mineral content; Leaves; Kernels; Stems; Roots; Cultivars; Landfills; No-tillage 319 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 OK41C Use of herbicides in establishment and production of Old World bluestems. Stritzke, J.F. Stillwater, Okla. : The Service; 1991 Mar. Circular E - Oklahoma State University, Cooperative Extension Service (901): p. 45-48; 1991 Mar. Paper presented at the "Old World Bluestem Conference," March 29, 1988, Cheyenne, Oklahoma. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Bothriochloa; Weed control; Herbicides; No-tillage 320 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 J82 Vegetation changes following brush control in creosotebush communities. Morton, H.L.; Melgoza, A. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management; 1991 Mar. Journal of range management v. 44 (2): p. 133-139; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arizona; Mexico; Larrea tridentata; Brush control; Deserts; Tebuthiuron; Manual weed control; Tillage; Grasses; Plant density; Botanical composition; Shrubs; Canopy; Desert plants; Discing Abstract: Changes in herbaceous plant density and canopy cover of creosotebush (Larrea tridentata Sesse & Moc. ex DC) and associated shrubs following brush control treatments were measured in Sonoran and Chihuahuan Desert communities. Treatments were applied in 2 successive years st the Santa Rita Experimental range, Arizona, and 3 locations in Chihuahua, Mexico. Across all locations and years 1.5 kg/ha tebuthiuron (N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N'-dimethylurea) > 1.0 kg/ha tebuthiuron= disking = disking with furrowing >2-way railing >0.5 kg/ha tebuthiuron > land imprinting in reducing canopy cover of creosotebush and associated shrubs. At the Santa Rita Experimental Range annual precipitation was above long-term mean in 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1985; and grass density increased on all treated and untreated plots. Annual precipitation was below long-term mean during 1986 and 1987 and grass density decreased on both treated and untreated plots but did not decrease to pre-treatment densities. Forb densities were less than 3 plants/m2 throughout the study, except in 1987 when Russian thistle (Salsola iberica Sennen & Pau) increased on all plots. At the Chihuahuan locations, grass densities usually increased during the first year of the study, but very low precipitation throughout the study caused subsequent reductions in grass and forb densities. In dry years brush control treatments did not increase herbaceous plant density. 321 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Weed control for soybean (Glycine max) planted in a stale or undisturbed seedbed on clay soil. Heatherly, L.G.; Elmore, C.D.; Wesley, R.A. Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1992 Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 6 (1): p. 119-124; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Glycine max; Weed control; Clay soils; Xanthium strumarium; Chemical control; Metribuzin; Glyphosate; No-tillage; Tillage; Crop yield; Seeds; Irrigated conditions; Dry conditions; Linuron; Chlorimuron; 2,4- db 322 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 C122 Weed control in conservation tillage cereals. Smith, M.J. Fremont, Calif. : California Weed Conference; 1991. Proceedings - California Weed Conference (43rd): p. 109-112; 1991. Meeting held January 21-23, 1991, Santa Barbara, California. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cereals; Weed control; Conservation tillage 323 NAL Call. No.: ViBlbVLD5655.V855 1992.V364 Weed control in no-till corn as affected by cultivation, herbicide banding, and cover crop suppression. VanLieshout, Lawrence Anthony, 1992; 1992. xii, 142 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm. Vita. Abstract. Bibliography: leaves 133-141. Language: English Descriptors: Corn; No-tillage 324 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Weed control in oat (Avena sativa)-alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and effect on next year corn (Zea mays) yield. Moomaw, R.S. Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1992 Oct. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 6 (4): p. 871-877; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nebraska; Cabt; Avena sativa; Medicago sativa; Zea mays; Herbicide resistance; Rotations; No-tillage; Weed control; Herbicides; Crop density; Crop yield; Drought 325 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 IO9PA Weed management in conservation tillage. Hartzler, R.G.; Owen, M.D.K. Ames, Iowa : The Service; 1993 Feb. PM - Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service v.): 4 p.; 1993 Feb. Language: English Descriptors: Conservation tillage; No-tillage; Herbicides; Cultural weed control 326 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.N6N62 Weed management in conventional and no-till burley tobacco. Worsham, A.D.; Sasscer, C.; Lemons, R.; Whitley, S. Raleigh, N.C. : The Service; 1992 Dec. AG - North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State University v.): p. 39-53; 1992 Dec. In th series analytic: 1993 Burley Tobacco. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Nicotiana tabacum; Weed control; No-tillage; Costs; Herbicides; Weeds; Rotations; Cultivation; Field tests; Crop yield 327 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3 Weed problems in wheat and their control in the Indian subcontinent. Mustafee, T.P. London : Taylor & Francis; 1991 Jul. Tropical pest management v. 37 (3): p. 245-251; 1991 Jul. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: India; Triticum aestivum; Weeds; Weed competition; Crop weed competition; Manual weed control; Weeding; Cultural weed control; Minimum tillage; Herbicides; Herbicide mixtures; Chemical control; Literature reviews 328 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Weed seedbank response to tillage, herbicides, and crop rotation sequence. Ball, D.A. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992. Weed science v. 40 (4): p. 654-659; 1992. Paper presented at the "Symposium on crop/weed management and the dynamics of weed seedbanks," February 11, 1992, Orlando, Florida. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Phaseolus vulgaris; Beta vulgaris; Weed biology; Weed control; Chemical control; Herbicides; Seed banks; Plowing; No-tillage; Conservation tillage; Population dynamics; Cropping systems; Models Abstract: Changes in the weed seedbank due to crop production practices are an important determinant of subsequent weed problems. Research was conducted to evaluate effects of primary tillage (moldboard plowing and chisel plowing), secondary tillage (row cultivation), and herbicides on weed species changes in the soil seedbank in three irrigated row crop rotational sequences over a 3-yr period. The cropping sequences consisted of continuous corn for 3 yr, continuous pinto beans for 3 yr, or sugarbeets for 2 yr followed by corn in the third year. Cropping sequence was the most dominant factor influencing species composition in the seedbank. This was partly due to herbicide use in each cropping sequence producing a shift in the weed seedbank in favor of species less susceptible to applied herbicides. A comparison between moldboard and chisel plowing indicated that weed seed of predominant species were more prevalent near the soil surface after chisel plowing. The number of predominant annual weed seed over the 3-yr period increased more rapidly in the seedbank after chisel plowing compared to moldboard plowing unless effective weed control could be maintained to produce a decline in seedbank number. In this case, seedbank decline was generally more rapid after moldboard plowing. Row cultivation generally reduced seedbanks of most species compared to uncultivated plots in the pinto bean and sugarbeet sequences. A simple model was developed to validate the observation that rate of change in the weed seedbank is influenced by type of tillage and weed control effectiveness. 329 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Weed-crop response to weed management systems in conservation tillage corn (Zea mays). Coffman, C.B.; Frank, J.R. Champaign, Ill. : The Society; 1991 Jan. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 5 (1): p. 76-81; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Maryland; Zea mays; Weed control; Chemical control; Atrazine; Setaria faberi; Amaranthus hybridus; Solanum carolinense; Cirsium arvense; Crop weed competition; Perennial weeds; Competitive ability; Crop yield; Grain; Conservation tillage; No-tillage 330 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883 Western corn rootworm damage: effect of tillage on plant response and grain yield. Riedell, W.E.; Gustin, R.D.; Beck, D.L.; Hanson, D.G. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1991 Sep. Crop science v. 31 (5): p. 1293-1297; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; Zea mays; Diabrotica virgifera; Population density; Crop damage; Roots; Discing; Conservation tillage; Crop yield; Grain; Yield increases; Larvae; Survival; Infestation Abstract: Corn rootworms (Diabrotica spp.) are the most economically destructive insect pests of corn (Zea mays L.) in the U.S. Midwest. The objective of this 2-yr field study was to measure plant response and yield under ridge tillage or spring disk tillage in fields artificially infested with western corn rootworm (D. virgifera virgifera LeConte). Corn rootworm infestations were applied at 0, 1650, 3300, or 6600 viable eggs m-1. We measured insect survival to adult, root damage ratings, nodal root volume (Nodes 4 and above) at maximum insect damage, and grain yield. In 1988, which was characterized by above-normal temperature and below-normal precipitation, root damage increased (6.7 rating at 1650 eggs m-1 to 7.9 at 6600 eggs m-1) and insect survival to adult decreased (4.9% at 1650 eggs m-1 to 1.2% at 6600 eggs m-1) with increasing infestation level under both tillage systems. During the 1988 season, plants grown under ridge tillage had larger nodal root systems (17.9 mL) than under spring disk tillage (9.9 mL). Ridge-tilled plants also had greater yield (5.5 vs. 4.1 Mg ha-1 with no rootworm eggs; 4.3 vs. 3.1 with 1650 eggs m-1; and 4.1 vs. 2.2 Mg ha-1 with 3300 eggs m-1). In 1989, which had near normal temperature but below-normal precipitation during the growing season, root damage increased (from a 1.1 to 5.9 rating as the infestation level increased from 0 to 6600 eggs m-1) and insect survival to adult decreased (from 1.3 to 0.7% as the infestation level increased from 1650 to 6600 eggs m-1) under both tillage systems. Tillage practice had no effect on plant response to rootworm feeding or yield. However, the number of nodal root axes per plant (22.4) and grain yield (8.8 Mg ha-1) were increased significantly under both tillage systems infested with 6600 eggs m-1 of row (29.0 axes per plant and 10.2 Mg ha-1). These results suggest that during a hot, dry growing season, ridge tillage increased yield for uninfested and rootworm-infested plants when compared with yield 331 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 C122 What is the influence of weed control on minimum vineyard temperature?. Donaldson, D.R.; Snyder, R.; Gallagher, S. Fremont, Calif. : California Weed Conference; 1991. Proceedings - California Weed Conference (43rd): p. 147-151; 1991. Meeting held January 21-23, 1991, Santa Barbara, California. Language: English Descriptors: Vineyards; Weed control; No-tillage; Air temperature 332 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Wheat stubble management affects growth, survival, and yield of winter grain legumes. Huggins, D.R.; Pan, W.L. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 May. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (3): p. 823-829; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Idaho; Triticum aestivum; Pisum sativum; Lens culinaris; No-tillage; Phosphorus fertilizers; Potassium fertilizers; Stubble cultivation; Growth; Survival; Winter hardiness; Crop yield Abstract: The adoption of no-tillage systems in the Pacific Northwest will benefit from the development of crop rotations that complement winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Experiments were conducted during 1986-1987 and 1988-1989 to determine the effects of wheat residue and fertility management on the growth, winter survival, and yield of 'Glacier' Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum subsp. arvense L.) and winter lentil (Lens colinaris Medik.). No- tillage (NT) and no-tillage with reduced stubble (NT-SR) enhanced soil moisture conservation and increased the early growth of Austrian winter pea (AWP), compared with conventional tillage (CT). Decreased shoot mass of winter lentil (WL) in NT, and elongated stems and reduced branching of AWP and WL in NT, were attributed to shading by stubble that reduced photosynthetically active radiation and red/far-red ratios. Winter survival of AWP during 1986-1987 was reduced in NT (78%), compared with NT-SR (91%) and CT (96%), but no differences occurred in 1988-1989. Less aboveground tissue necrosis of surviving AWP occurred in NT than in NT-SR and CT for both years. Greater average yields in NT (3568 kg ha-1) and NT-SR (3530 kg ha-1) than in CT (2700 kg ha-1) were correlated with greater fall growth and less winter injury. Residue management did not influence the yield of WL. Applied P and K did not have consistent effects on winter survival or yield. These results indicate that winter grain legumes can be used to complement wheat production in the design of no-tillage rotations. 333 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6 Wheat yield depression associated with conservation tillage caused by root pathogens in the soil not phytotoxins from the straw. Cook, R.J.; Haglund, W.A. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1991. Soil biology and biochemistry v. 23 (12): p. 1125-1132; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Washington; Triticum; Lens; Gaeumannomyces graminis; Rhizoctonia solani; Pythium; Plant pathogenic fungi; Biological activity in soil; Soil flora; Conservation tillage; No-tillage; Wheat straw; Straw mulches; Straw burning; Cropping systems; Chloropicrin; Deep placement; Band placement; Soil fumigation; Roots; Fungal diseases; Disease prevalence; Infections; Crop yield; Fertilizer requirement determination; Yield targets; Decomposition; Phytotoxins; Etiology Abstract: Wheat planted directly into soil mulched with straw of a previous wheat crop (mulch or conservation tillage) typically grows and yields poorly relative to that planted into a prepared seedbed with straw residue burned or buried (clean tillage). This injurious effect associated with straw mulches has been greatest in the higher-rainfall wheat-growing areas, or in wet years in normally dry areas. Researchers have focused for the past 30 yr on putative phytotoxins thought to be liberated during microbial colonization or breakdown of the straw on or near the soil surface when wet. The results of experiments reported herein indicate that the causal microorganisms are in the soil and not the straw as would be required if phytotoxic straw decomposition products were important. The injury in these experiments resulted from at least three root diseases, all favored by the lack of crop rotation. The three root diseases were take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia root rot caused mainly by Rhizoctonia solani AG8, and Pythium root rot caused by several Pythium spp. The effect of straw on, or mulched into, the soil surface possibly amounts to no more than helping to keep the top 10-15 cm of soil, the zone occupied by the root pathogens, more ideally moist for their activity. The results suggest that conservation tillage is feasible for wheat in the higher rainfall areas when used in combination with a break from wheat. 334 NAL Call. No.: 100 SO82 (3) Wheel-traffic compaction in conservation tillage systems and soils of varying depth. Schumacher, T.; Lindstrom, M. Brookings, S.D. : The Station; 1992 Oct. TB - Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University (99): 6 p.; 1992 Oct. In the series analytic: Soil science research in the Plant Science Department : 1991 Annual Report. Soil PR 91-18. Language: English Descriptors: South Dakota; Soil compaction; Conservation tillage; Wheel tracks; Crop yield; Row tillage 335 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 W52R Winter annual brome control in winter wheat. Thompson, C.R.; Dial, M.J.; Thill, D.C. S.l. : The Society; 1992. Research progress report - Western Society of Weed Science. p. III/171-III/172; 1992. Meeting held on March 9-12, 1992, Salt Lake City, Utah. Language: English Descriptors: Idaho; Triticum; Bromus; Herbicides; No-tillage; Weed control 336 NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532 Winter cover crop suppression practices and natural enemies of armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in no-till corn. Laub, C.A.; Luna, J.M. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Feb. Environmental entomology v. 21 (1): p. 41-49; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Virginia; Zea mays; Mythimna unipuncta; Biological control; Glyptapanteles militaris; Natural enemies; Parasites of insect pests; Tachinidae; Cover crops; Secale cereale; Mowing; Paraquat; Insect control Abstract: Rye, Secale cereale L., used as a winter cover crop was killed by the herbicide paraquat or by mowing with a rotary mower. In subsequent no-till corn, Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Periscepsia laevigata (Wulp) (Diptera: Tachinidae) were the most abundant of twelve species of parasitoids that emerged from field-collected larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth). No effects of cover crop suppression practices were detected for parasitism rates for any individual species or for total armyworm parasitism. Seasonal parasitism rates ranged from 32 to 45%. Higher numbers of Pterostichus spp. and Scarites spp. (Coleoptera: Carabidae), and wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) occurred early in the corn season in the mowed cover crop treatment compared with the herbicide killed cover crop treatment. Subsequent reduction of larval densities of armyworm in mowed plots following higher predator densities suggests the role of these generalist predators in biological control of armyworm. 337 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Yield loss assessment for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) infested with Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). Donald, W.W.; Khan, M. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992. Weed science v. 40 (4): p. 590-598; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Dakota; Triticum aestivum; Crop weed competition; Cirsium arvense; Crop yield; Yield losses; Assessment; Equations; No-tillage; Plowing; Crop density; Economic analysis Abstract: In eight of nine trials spanning 5 yr, relative yield of semidwarf hard red spring wheat (yield expressed as a percent of estimated weed-free yield) decreased linearly as Canada thistle shoot density increased when measured in late July to early August in the northern Great Plains. Differences between yield loss assessment (YLA) equations could not be distinguished statistically between no-tillage and chisel-plowed production systems. Multiple linear regression equations of relative wheat yield versus wheat density plus Canada thistle shoot density accounted for more variability in YLA equations than simple linear regression equations of wheat yield versus Canada thistle shoot density alone. Estimated weed-free wheat yield and negative slope (b) for yield loss assessment equations increased as cumulative growing-season (April to August) rainfall increased. Thus, relative wheat yield was decreased more by increasing Canada thistle density (slope b became more negative) in years of greater growing-season rainfall. 338 NAL Call. No.: 464.9 C16S Yield of soybean cultivars differing in susceptibility to Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea on minimum tillage ridges. Anderson, T.R. Ottawa : Research Branch, Agriculture Canada; 1991. Canadian plant disease survey v. 71 (2): p. 163-164; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Glycine max; Cultivars; Phytophthora megasperma; Plant pathogenic fungi; Varietal susceptibility; Minimum tillage; Ridges; Seedling emergence; Crop losses; Crop yield Author Index Abdul-Baki, A.A. 221 Abernathy, J.R. 231, 306 Aggarwal, R.K. 167 Albers, D.W. 56, 119 Alder, V. 152 Aldrich-Markham, S. 20, 49 Allan, R.E. 193 American Cyanamid Company 45 Amos, F.B. Jr 227 Andersen, R.N. 275 Anderson, G.W. 16, 169 Anderson, N.G. 146 Anderson, R.L. 122 Anderson, S.G. 143 Anderson, T.R. 338 Andow, D.A. 129 Andraski, T.W. 240 Angle, J.S. 280 Antisari, L.V. 157 Arthur, M.A. 318 Ayers, V.H. 56 Bacheler, J.S. 208 Bahler, C.C. 112 Bahr, J.R. 82 Bahri, Abdeljabar 120 Baker, J.L. 132, 227, 254 Ball, D.A. 328 Bank, P.A. 93 Banks, J.C. 195 Barratt, B.I.P. 29 Bateman, R.J. 32 Beck, D. 139, 214 Beck, D.E. 106, 151 Beck, D.L. 209, 330 Bell, A.R. 76 Bellinder, R.R. 140, 141 Benedict, J.H. 163 Benjamin, J.G. 276 Benoit, D.L. 23 Benoit, G.R. 230 Berg, R.D. 63, 246 Berg, R.K. 89, 90, 239 Bergen, P. 84 Berry, E.C. 316 Bertrand, P.F. 295 Beste, C.E. 263 Bicki, T.J. 307 Bierlein, D.L. 29 Blaylock, A.D. 269 Blevins, R.L. 257 Bligh, Kevin J. 220 Bockus, W.W. 101 Bollich, P.K. 42 Bonczkowski, L.C. 205 Bowes, G.G. 98 Bradley, J.F. 51, 229, 235, 287 Brandenburg, R.L. 88 Braun, D. 250 Broadway, R. 31, 58, 197 Brothers, B.A. 13 Bruce, R.R. 264 Bruening, T.H. 135 Bruff, S.A. 75, 301 Brust, G.E. 186 Brydon, J. 262 Buchanan, M. 273 Buhler, D.D. 74, 97, 110, 156, 241 Bullock, D.G. 91 Bundy, L.G. 240 Burd, J.D. 66 Burt, E.C. 114 Burton, R.L. 66 Byers, R.A. 29, 112, 143 Cambardella, C.A. 232 Campbell, G.S. 253 Campbell, W.V. 15 Caporali, F. 171 Carcoana, R. 237, 238 Cardina, J. 180 Carey, J.B. 314 Carlson, G.R. 89, 90, 239 Carter, D.L. 63, 246 Carter, L.M. 22 Carter, P.R. 215, 303 Cassel, D.K. 154 Chamblee, D.S. 15 Chandler, J.M. 71 Chandler, K. 23 Chaparro, C.J. 176 Chapin, J.W. 289 Chichester, F.W. 5, 292 Choi, C.H. 276 Ciavatta, C. 157 Cihacek, L.J. 237, 238 Claassen, M.M. 101 Clancy, J.A. 200 Claypool, D. 124 Claypool, D.A. 291 Clegg, M.D. 8 Coffman, C.B. 54, 329 Cogle, A.L. 32 Cole, C.V. 199 Collins, B.A. 28 Collis-George, N. 279 Colvin, T.S. 86, 87, 225, 226, 316 Colyer, P.D. 95 Conservation Technology Information Center 1 Cook, R.J. 158, 333 Corliss, J. 46, 317 Cornell University, Cooperative Extension, Cornell University, Audio-Visual Resource Center 297 Cosgrove, D.R. 100 Cox, D.J. 138, 234 Cox, F.R. 183 Cox, W.J. 130 Crawford, S.H. 243, 244 Crenshaw, C. 57 Crozier, C.R. 53 Cruse, R.M. 68, 86, 87, 201, 202, 260, 269, 276 Cummins, C.G. 305 Curl, E.A. 59 Curran, W.S. 108 Dalal, R.C. 181, 228, 299 Daley, P.E. 100 Daniel, T.C. 236, 240 Dao, T.H. 133 Davis, J.D. 73 De Spain, R.R. 163 Deen, B. 27 DeFelice, M.S. 162 Defelice, M.S. 314 Denton, H.P. 154, 302 Denton, P. 131 Derksen, D.A. 23, 111 DeTar, W.R. 22 Dhuyvetter, K.C. 81 Dial, M.J. 335 Dickey, E.C. 14, 35, 115 Dillard, A.L. 116 Dobbs, T.L. 64 Dobbs, Thomas L. 104 Doerr, R. 209 Doll, J.D. 110 Donald, W.W. 99, 113, 121, 251, 337 Donaldson, D.R. 331 Douglas, C.L. Jr 160 Drost, D.T. 310 Duff, S. 27 Eadie, A.G. 16, 169 Eason, J.T. 179 Eck, H.V. 281 Eckert, D.J. 24, 70 Eddleman, B.R. 163 Edmisten, K.L. 208 Edwards, I. 123 Edwards, J.H. 4, 179, 304, 305 El Titi, A. 166 Elamin, M.A. 276 Eldridge, I.L. 159 Elliot, P.C. 164 Elliott, E.T. 232 Elmore, C.D. 321 Enache, A.J. 294 Enberg, A. 192 Epplin, F.M. 106, 151 Erbach, D.C. 271, 276 Evans, S.D. 286, 311 Evanylo, G.K. 207 Evert, D.R. 295 Falatah, A.M. 137 Falkenberg, Joan 297 Favretto, M.R. 171 Fermanich, K.J. 236 Fernandes, J.M. 103 Fernandez, M.R. 48, 103 Ford, J.H. 286, 311 Fowler, D.B. 28, 136, 155, 217, 218, 262, 274 Fox, G. 27 Fox, R.H. 184 Frank, J.R. 54, 329 Freeland, R.S. 235 Freeman, B.L. 256 Freese, R.C. 154 Frye, W.W. 198 Gaffney, F.B. 130 Gaffney, J. 299 Gage, S.H. 144 Gallagher, S. 331 Geremia, R. 111 Gerwing, J. 126 Ghate, S.R. 290 Ghuman, B.S. 65, 173, 174 Gillespie, M. 21 Gilley, J.E. 17 Glasby, J.M. 228 Glasstetter, M. 312 Glenn, S. 146 Glewen, K. 14 Goodman, W.R. 256 Gordon, W.B. 59, 204 Goynes, S.W. 163 Granatstein, D. 10 Graves, C.R. 51, 287 Graves, J.B. 43 Gray, M. 134 Grichar, W.J. 170 Grisso, R.D. 14 Gross, C.M. 280 Grove, J.H. 198 Guertal, E.A. 70 Guethle, D.R. 148 Guo, L. 307 Gupta, J.P. 167 Gustin, R.D. 330 Haglund, W.A. 333 Hagood, E.S. Jr 67 Hall, B. 126 Hall, J.K. 175 Halvorson, A.D. 219 Hanson, D.G. 330 Harker, K.N. 147 Harper, S.S. 187 Harrigan, T.M. 34 Harrison, K. 180 Harrison, M.P. 51, 287 Hart, W.E. 235 Hartwig, N.L. 7 Hartzler, R.G. 325 Havlin, J.L. 219 Heatherly, L.G. 321 Heer, W.F. 106 Heilman, M.D. 30 Heiner, D.H. 32 Helms, T.C. 189 Henderson, P.A. 228 Henn, T. 134 Herridge, D.F. 247, 248 Herrington, B.E. Jr 288 Hesterman, O.B. 13 Hickman, J.S. 205 Hickman, M.V. 30 Hicks, D.R. 286, 311 Higgins, J.M. 26 Hill, P.R. 233 Hill, R.L. 280 Hirschi, M.C. 196 Hoare, J. 298 Hodson, Eric 142 Hoffman, L.D. 112 Holland, J.F. 247, 248 Holmes, R.G. 282 Horny, P. 47 Horton, R. 270 Hovermale, C.H. 73 Hoverstad, T.R. 149, 275, 286, 311 Howard, D.D. 203, 283 Hoyt, G.D. 36 Huggins, D.R. 332 Hultgreen, G.E. 274 Hutchinson, R.L. 40, 43 Hutsch, B. 85 Hwu, K.K. 193 Ilnicki, R.D. 294 Jackson, G.D. 89, 90, 239 Jacobs, S.B. 143 Jacobsen, J.S. 293 Janke, R.R. 9 Jasa, P.J. 14, 35, 115 Johnston, A.M. 217, 218 Jones, C.S. Jr 176 Jones, O.R. 281 Joy, D.N. 76 Kahn, B.A. 272 Kanne, B.K. 275, 286, 311 Kanwar, R.S. 185, 227, 270 Karlen, D.L. 316 Kaspar, T.C. 68 Keeling, J.W. 231, 306 Keisling, Terry C. 245 Ker, Alan 11 Khan, M. 337 Kincer, D.R. 51 King, L.D. 53, 273 King, R.L. 34 Kingery, R.C. 315 Kitur, B.K. 309 Klingaman, T.E. 159 Koenig, L.G. 100 Kohler, K.A. 201, 202 Kottwitz, E.R. 17 Krenzer, E.G. Jr 106, 151 Kushnak, G.D. 89, 90, 213, 239 Lafond, G.P. 105, 111 Lake, J.E. 233 Lal, R. 65, 173, 174 Lamond, R.E. 205 Landeck, J.K. 34 Landis, D.A. 144 Landivar, J.A. 57, 163 Lanfranconi, L.E. 140, 141 Langdale, G.W. 33, 264 Larink, O. 92 Laub, C.A. 72, 165, 336 Lavergne, D.R. 78, 83 Lawlor, D.J. 57 Leath, K.T. 112 Lemons, R. 326 Lenter, M. 216 Leonard, B.R. 43 Leonards, W.J. Jr 42 Levine, E. 96 Liebig, Mark A. 50 Liebl, R.A. 108 Lindstrom, M. 334 Lipps, P.E. 296 Lizotte, D.A. 237, 238 Locke, M.A. 187, 284 Logan, T.J. 70 Lueschen, W.E. 149, 275, 286, 311 Luna, J.M. 72, 165, 336 Lund, M.G. 303 Lund, R.E. 239 Lyle, W.M. 224 MacLean, J.T. 39 Madden, L.V. 296 Maredia, K.M. 144 Martin, M.A. 82 Martin, R.A. 135 Marzadori, C. 157 Mask, P.L. 315 McChesney, D.S. 300 McGregor, K.C. 278 McIntosh, M.S. 280 McIsaac, G.F. 196 McKenna, J.R. 216 McNairn, H.E. 178 Meek, B.D. 22 Melgoza, A. 320 Mends, Clarence 104 Mengel, K. 85 Mester, T.C. 97 Michaels, T.E. 212 Midwest Plan Service 44 Miller, W.P. 264 Mills, W.C. 33, 116 Minton, N.A. 194 Mitchell, B. 178 Mitchell, J.K. 196 Mobley, J.B. 119 Mohanty, B.P. 270 Mohler, C.L. 188 Monks, C.D. 93 Moody, K. 164 Moomaw, R.S. 324 Morgan, M.T. 282 Morrison, J.E. Jr 5, 69, 71, 292 Morton, H.L. 320 Moseley, C.M. 67 Mosley-Roberts, L. 252 Moul, T.M. 172 Moyer, J.R. 84 Mueller, J.P. 15 Mukhtar, S. 276 Mulford, R. 250 Mumma, R.O. 175 Murphy, Timothy L. 266 Musselman, A. 86 Mustafee, T.P. 327 Mutchler, C.K. 278 Myers, J.L. 259 Naderman, G.C. 208 Nannipieri, P. 171 National Cartographic Center (U.S.) 37, 190, 210, 267 National Cartography and Geographic Information Systems Center (U.S.) 38, 191, 211, 268 Nazareno, N.R.X. de 296 Nelson, L.A. 8 Nelson, W.A. 272 Norris, B.E. 256 Norwood, C.A. 81 Nus, A. 18 O'Brien-Wray, K. 145 O'Sullivan, P.A. 147 Ogg, A.G. Jr 158 Oldham, M.G. 94 Oliver, L.R. 159 Olson, K.R. 309 Onnis, A. 171 Oplinger, E.S. 285, 303 Orf, J.H. 286, 311 Otis, D.J. 130 Owen, M.D.K. 325 Pan, W.L. 200, 332 Paoletti, M.G. 171 Papendick, R.I. 253 Parker, R.D. 163 Patterson, M.G. 256 Pavuk, D.M. 258 Paxton, K.W. 78, 83 Pedersen, W.L. 94 Peeples, J.L. 3 Pegarra, E. 224 Peterson, G.A. 199, 277 Pfender, W.F. 18 Phatak, S.C. 290 Philbrook, B.D. 285 Phillips, S.R. 309 Piekielek, W.P. 184 Pierce, F.J. 34 Plett, S. 8 Potts, W.E. 263 Prato, T. 99, 113, 251 Proost, R.T. 156 Pruyne, R. 25 Raimbault, B.A. 52, 62 Rajaram, G. 271 Randall, G.W. 311 Ranells, N.N. 206 Raney, R.J. 204 Rao, S.C. 133 Raper, R.L. 41, 114 Rasmussen, P.E. 160 Raun, W.R. 182 Rechel, E.R. 22 Reeder, R.C. 282 Reeves, D.W. 41, 114, 313, 315 Regnier, E. 180 Reinbott, D. 79 Reynolds, K.R. 130 Rhoton, F.E. 300 Rice, H.B. 261 Rice, M.E. 12 Richards, W. 265 Rickerl, D. 124, 126 Rickerl, D.H. 59 Riedell, W.E. 330 Riepe, J.R. 82 Ring, D.R. 163 Ritten, T.J. 100 Roberts, B.W. 272 Roeth, F.W. 109 Romero, G.R. 42 Roseberg, R.J. 308 Roy, R.C. 77 Rubin, G. 318 Ruf, M.E. 179, 304 Sanders, B.J. 246 Sandoval, D.M. 212 Santos, H.P. dos 48 Sarwar, G. 27 Sasscer, C. 326 Schaalje, G.B. 84 Schneider, R.E. 318 Schreiber, M.M. 82, 161 Schumacher, T. 126, 334 Schwarzer, M.J. 253 Scriber, J.M. 144 Segarra, E. 306 Sequi, P. 157 Servi-Tech, Inc 142 Sharratt, B.S. 253 Shaw, D.R. 75, 301 Shaw, J. 80 Shaw, J.E. 16, 55, 169 Shea, P.J. 109 Sheard, R.W. 152 Shearer, W. 65, 173 Shelton, D.P. 14, 35, 115 Shelton, D.R. 138 Sider, K.T. 231 Siemens, J.C. 309 Simmons, F.W. 108 Sims, B.D. 148, 162 Singh, P. 185 Smiley, R.W. 158 Smith, M.A. 215 Smith, M.J. 322 Smith, M.S. 198 Smith, O.D. 170 Smolik, J. 124, 125, 126, 223, 249 Smolik, J.D. 64 Snyder, D.P. 130 Snyder, R. 331 Snyder, W.M. 116 Sochtig, W. 92 Sollenberger, L.E. 176 Sorensen, D. 177 Sorensen, D.R. 291 Sorenson, B.A. 109 South Dakota State University, Economics Dept 104 Spurr, D.T. 6 St. Louis, D.G. 73 Staricka, J.A. 286 Steffey, K. 134 Steinstra, W.C. 286 Stinner, B.R. 107, 258 Stirzaker, R.J. 279 Stout, W.L. 112 Stratman, Gail G. 168 Stritzke, J.F. 319 Strong, W.M. 299 Stuart, C.A. 117, 288 Sullivan, M.J. 289 Sumner, D.R. 290 Sutton, B.G. 279 Sutton, J.C. 103 Swanton, C. 55, 80 Swanton, C.J. 16, 23, 77, 169, 212 Swift Current, Saskatchewan 48 Tanaka, D.L. 122 Tanji, K.K. 192 Taylor, M.J. 30 Teasdale, J.R. 221, 263 Thaut, R.E. 213 Thill, D.C. 335 Thom, W.O. 261 Thomas, A.W. 33, 116, 264 Thomas, J.S. 289 Thompson, C.R. 335 Thompson, M.L. 185 Thurlow, D.L. 304 Tillman, B.A. 200 Timmons, D.R. 68, 132, 227, 254, 260 Tindall, Timothy Todd, 242 Tinline, R.D. 6 Toler, J.E. 26 Tollenaar, M. 52 Tomei, P.E. 171 Tompkins, D.K. 136, 155, 274 Tompkins, F.D. 235 Tonhasca, A. Jr 107 Torbert, H.A. 41 Touchton, J.T. 59, 313 Traina, S.J. 70 Treacy, M.F. 163 Triplett, C.M. 224 Tyler, D.D. 283 Ullrich, S.E. 200 United States, Soil Conservation Service 60, 61, 128 United States. Soil Conservation Service 37, 38, 190, 191, 210, 211, 267, 268 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Agricultural Experiment Station 245 Uribe, E. 183 Van der Grinten, M. 130 Van Duyn, J.W. 88 Van Es, H.M. 130 Van Sickle, K.A. 230 VanLieshout, Lawrence Anthony, 323 Varco, J.J. 198 Vasek, J. 57 Vaughan, M. 255 Vernon, P.R. 95 Vyn, T.J. 52, 62 Wagger, M.G. 206, 259 Walker, D.M. 42 Walker, M. 55, 80 Wallace, R.W. 140, 141 Walsh, J.D. 162 Walz, A.W. 76 Warnes, D.D. 286 Warren, D.M. 271 Warriner, G.K. 172 Watts, D.W. 175 Weersink, A. 27, 55, 77, 80 Weinstein, L.H. 318 Weinzierl, R. 134 Wells, K.L. 261 Wesley, R.A. 321 West, D.R. 51 West, L.T. 264 Westerman, R.L. 293 Westfall, D.G. 199, 277 Weston, E.J. 299 Whitley, S. 326 Whitney, D.A. 204, 205 Whitwell, T. 26 Wiersma, J.V. 153 Wilcox-Lee, D. 310 Wilde, G.E. 12 Willis, W.O. 199 Wilson, B.J. 102 Windels, C.E. 153 Windham, T.E. 117, 288 Winther, D. 291 Witt, W.W. 150 Wolf, D.D. 216 Wood, C.W. 4, 179, 199, 277, 304, 305, 313 Wood, R.K. 282 Woodard, H. 124, 126 Woodard, H.J. 291 Worsham, A.D. 326 Wrage, L. 126 Wright, A.T. 136, 155, 274 Wright, K.J. 102 Wu, L. 192 Wyss, E. 312 Yenish, J.P. 110 Yiridoe, E.K. 77 York, A.C. 208 Yusuf, R.I. 91 Zarnstorff, M.E. 15 Zebarth, B.J. 152 Zeiss, M.R. 88 Zentner, R.P. 98, 111 Zhang, W. 18 Subject Index 2,4-d 84, 99, 113, 121, 146 2,4-db 321 Abutilon theophrasti 74, 149, 156, 275 Acid soils 65 Acidification 293, 298 Acreage 81 Adaptation 193 Adsorption 182 Adult education 135 Adventitious roots 113, 121 Aerial sowing 73 Aeschynomene Americana 176 Aggregates 62, 309 Agitation 284 Agricultural education 135 Agricultural production 27 Agricultural research 213, 215, 317 Agricultural systems 104 Agroclimatology 10 Agroforestry 167, 174 Agronomic characteristics 193, 208 Agronomy 155 Agropastoral systems 299 Agropyron cristatum 199 Agrotis ipsilon 107 Air temperature 331 Alabama 4, 21, 41, 59, 179, 256, 304, 305, 313, 315 Alachlor 54, 148, 241, 284 Alaska 253, 317 Aldicarb 95 Alfalfa 104 Allelopathy 161 Alley cropping 65, 174 Allophane 182 Alopecurus myosuroides 20 Alpha-amylase 200 Alternative agriculture 104 Alternative farming 27, 80, 82, 127, 223, 249, 294, 298 Amaranthus 180 Amaranthus hybridus 54, 148, 329 Amaranthus palmeri 231 Amaranthus retroflexus 76, 141, 149, 241 Ammonia 184 Ammonium 198 Ammonium nitrate 91, 105, 160, 217, 254, 262, 280 Ammonium nitrogen 198 Ammonium phosphates 105, 182 Ammonium polyphosphates 160 Ammonium sulfate 160 Ammonium thiosulfate 160, 205 Anhydrous ammonia 240 Annual habit 241 Annuals 110, 314 Aphidoidea 144 Aphyllophorales 18 Apocynum cannabinum 146 Aporrectodea 92 Aporrectodea caliginosa 92 Application date 52, 54, 75, 84, 91, 99, 109, 148, 149, 156, 158, 184, 204, 215, 216, 217, 251, 254, 261, 262, 293, 313, 314 Application methods 71, 74, 108, 109, 132, 184, 204, 291 Application rates 16, 26, 36, 54, 67, 89, 90, 91, 93, 105, 109, 113, 132, 133, 140, 146, 147, 156, 160, 162, 171, 175, 181, 183, 184, 200, 204, 205, 207, 216, 217, 219, 239, 240, 254, 259, 261, 262, 269, 280, 293, 313, 316 Arachis hypogaea 32, 170 Araneae 12 Arid regions 209 Arion fasciatus 29 Arizona 320 Arkansas 117, 159, 288 Ash 93 Asparagus officinalis 310 Aspect 253 Assessment 116, 337 Assimilation 133 Atrazine 16, 54, 74, 175, 216, 241, 275, 329 Atriplex patula 192 Attitudes 178 Autumn 289 Availability 144 Avena nuda 48 Avena sativa 48, 112, 275, 324 Baking quality 138 Band placement 16, 182, 205, 217, 219, 240, 260, 262, 283, 333 Barley 200 Basidiomycotina 18 Bassia hyssopifolia 192 Beef cattle 73 Beta vulgaris 157, 328 Bibliographies 39 Biodegradation 296 Biological activity in soil 4, 65, 92, 312, 333 Biological control 336 Biological control agents 18, 107, 144, 186 Biomass 92, 228, 273, 312 Biomass production 16, 162, 169, 192, 199, 249, 294 Blade plowing 101 Blight 94, 170 Botanical composition 176, 320 Bothriochloa 319 Bothriochloa caucasica 216 Bouteloua curtipendula 199 Bouteloua gracilis 199 Brassica 10 Brassica campestris 28 Brassica napus 28, 84, 91 Brassica oleracea 294 Breadmaking 138 British Columbia 152 Broadcasting 16, 28, 205, 217, 219, 260, 262, 269, 283, 293 Bromide 307 Bromoxynil 99, 113, 121 Bromus 49, 335 Bromus inermis 98 Bromus tectorum 122 Brush control 320 Buchloe dactyloides 199 Buds 113, 121 Bulk density 22, 304, 308, 309 Bulldozers 174 Buried seeds 97, 180 Butylate 54 Cabt 41, 81, 93, 140, 141, 146, 147, 162, 184, 204, 221, 287, 303, 324 Cajanus cajan 247 Calcareous soils 137 Calcium 24, 171, 182, 316 Calcium ions 174 Calcium sulfate 182 California 22, 192 Canada 99, 147 Canopy 155, 320 Captan 286 Carabidae 186 Carbofuran 216 Carbohydrates 310 Carbon 4, 24, 187, 273, 277, 305, 316 Carbon cycle 232 Carbon dioxide 187 Carbon-nitrogen ratio 316 Cash crops 80 Cassia obtusifolia 75, 301 Catch cropping 312 Cation exchange capacity 137 Cations 137 Cercospora zeae-maydis 296 Cereals 169, 322 Characterization 185 Chemical control 7, 15, 26, 54, 67, 74, 75, 84, 95, 108, 113, 121, 140, 141, 146, 148, 149, 156, 161, 164, 231, 241, 251, 290, 301, 314, 321, 327, 328, 329 Chemical precipitation 182 Chemical speciation 137 Chemical treatment 198 Chemicals 307 Chenopodium album 110, 141, 149, 156, 180, 241, 263, 314 Chiselling 22, 55, 74, 80, 82, 97, 101, 137, 153, 154, 240, 241, 286, 309, 311, 316 Chlorimuron 67, 75, 301, 314, 321 Chloropicrin 333 Chlorsulfuron 99, 113, 121, 251 Chrysopa 12, 129 Cirsium arvense 99, 113, 121, 329, 337 Clay loam soils 55, 175, 180, 293, 298 Clay soils 55, 69, 321 Climatic factors 116, 198, 296 Clomazone 108 Cloproxydim 147 Clopyralid 113 Coal 318 Coastal plain soils 59, 182, 313 Coastal plains 207 Coccinella septempunctata 12, 144 Cochliobolus sativus 6, 48, 103, 153 Coleomegilla maculata 12 Coleoptera 186 Colorado 199, 219, 277 Communication 172 Companion planting 242 Comparisons 55, 64, 106, 137, 171, 215, 219, 235, 240, 271 Competitive ability 329 Conidia 296 Conservation 112 Conservation tillage 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 12, 14, 17, 18, 21, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 54, 55, 59, 61, 63, 68, 69, 71, 74, 75, 80, 82, 84, 86, 87, 92, 94, 95, 97, 103, 110, 114, 115, 116, 118, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 143, 145, 154, 156, 163, 167, 172, 177, 178, 179, 181, 189, 193, 195, 201, 202, 204, 205, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 231, 233, 241, 243, 245, 256, 260, 264, 265, 269, 271, 272, 278, 281, 285, 290, 292, 293, 297, 300, 301, 304, 306, 312, 313, 315, 317, 322, 325, 328, 329, 330, 333, 334 Continuous cropping 4, 54, 62, 82, 90, 94, 101, 132, 264, 275, 281, 293, 303, 304, 306, 316 Conyza canadensis 241 Cooperative extension service 14, 35 Copper 137 Core samplers 300 Core sampling 300 Corn 323 Correlation 94 Corticium rolfsii 170 Cost analysis 55, 288 Cost benefit analysis 82, 83, 111, 113, 118, 127, 164, 249, 251, 256, 315 Costs 326 Coulters 52 Cover crops 36, 52, 58, 77, 165, 169, 197, 207, 208, 221, 259, 263, 272, 294, 304, 313, 336 Coverage 116 Crop damage 59, 84, 93, 108, 143, 146, 158, 330 Crop density 13, 95, 100, 105, 130, 286, 290, 303, 311, 324, 337 Crop establishment 15, 28, 95, 98, 105, 112, 169, 199, 259 Crop growth stage 207, 217 Crop losses 338 Crop management 8, 33, 123, 205 Crop plants as weeds 7 Crop production 65, 78, 83, 167, 212, 214, 235, 286, 288 Crop quality 138, 200, 262 Crop residue management 60, 61, 128 Crop residues 4, 17, 18, 48, 49, 52, 59, 60, 86, 101, 103, 116, 140, 145, 169, 187, 198, 199, 204, 205, 228, 255, 264, 292, 296, 303, 311 Crop rotation 242 Crop weed competition 54, 147, 241, 306, 327, 329, 337 Crop yield 5, 16, 28, 30, 32, 51, 52, 54, 57, 62, 64, 65, 68, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 84, 86, 90, 91, 94, 95, 98, 100, 105, 106, 109, 118, 123, 125, 126, 127, 130, 132, 133, 138, 140, 141, 146, 151, 152, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 169, 170, 171, 182, 183, 184, 197, 200, 204, 205, 207, 212, 216, 217, 219, 221, 225, 239, 240, 241, 246, 248, 249, 250, 259, 261, 262, 264, 269, 276, 280, 281, 285, 286, 287, 290, 291, 294, 303, 306, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 321, 324, 326, 329, 330, 332, 333, 334, 337, 338 Cropping systems 9, 32, 65, 161, 163, 174, 246, 297, 328, 333 Crops 27 Crude protein 133 Cucumis sativus 290 Cucurbita pepo 294 Cultivars 16, 42, 51, 91, 136, 153, 167, 169, 170, 194, 200, 286, 287, 303, 315, 318, 338 Cultivation 85, 102, 272, 279, 298, 326 Cultural control 18, 20, 66, 96, 141 Cultural weed control 97, 188, 263, 325, 327 Cutting 198 Cyanazine 54, 175, 241 Dactylis glomerata 7, 143 Deamination 187 Decision making 172 Decomposition 187, 228, 246, 333 Deep placement 213, 333 Deep tillage 290 Deficiency payments 81 Demonstration farms 87, 225, 226 Depth 97, 180 Deroceras laeve 29 Deroceras reticulatum 29 Desert plants 320 Deserts 320 Desorption 284 Determination 157 Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi 186 Diabrotica virgifera 107, 330 Dicalcium phosphate 182 Dicamba 84, 99, 121, 146 Diffusion of information 172, 233 Digitaria sanguinalis 67, 148, 263 Direct sowing 34, 158, 298 Disc harrows 88 Discing 101, 137, 154, 176, 196, 289, 311, 320, 330 Disease prevalence 6, 158, 170, 290, 333 Disease resistance 95 Dispersion 232 Dissolving 182 Distribution 137 Diurnal activity 72 Diuron 231 Diversity 180, 193 Double cropping 67, 73, 148, 247, 264 Drilling 290 Drills 34 Drought 324 Dry beans 47 Dry conditions 321 Dry farming 10, 170, 199, 264, 298, 306 Dry matter 53, 291 Dry matter accumulation 52, 206, 217, 259, 261, 313 Dry matter distribution 53 Dry season 65, 182 Duplex soils 123 Earliness 221 Earthworms 65, 92, 312 Ecology 144 Economic analysis 78, 79, 81, 98, 106, 215, 337 Economic evaluation 64, 151 Economic impact 27 Economics 30 Educational programs 14, 35, 115, 233 Effects 33, 254 Efficacy 141 Efficiency 147 Elaeis guineensis 65 Eleusine indica 263 Elymus repens 147 Elymus smithii 199 Emergence 59 Energy conservation 35, 86, 87, 225, 226, 227 Energy consumption 114 Environmental factors 176 Environmental protection 27, 178 Epidemiology 101 Eptc 54 Equations 337 Equipment 195 Eragrostis cilianensis 263 Eroded soils 264 Erosion 3, 17, 19, 25, 27, 33, 35, 46, 63, 65, 86, 115, 116, 196, 302 Erosion control 21, 25, 35, 178, 233, 302 Estimation 117 Ethics 178 Etiology 333 Etridiazole 95 Europe 166 Exchangeable cations 174, 183 Experimental design 159 Experimental equipment 213 Experimental plots 213 Externalities 27 Extraction 70 Fallow 59, 81, 103, 116, 122, 160, 199, 232, 244, 264, 275, 281 Fallow systems 111 Farm budgeting 117, 288 Farm comparisons 80 Farm income 64, 80, 82 Farm inputs 8, 55, 82, 233, 306 Farm machinery 36, 55, 69, 92 Farm management 166, 172, 252 Farm results 82 Farm size 55, 80, 82 Farm surveys 172 Farm tests 189 Farmers 178 Farming systems 64, 209 Farming systems research 125, 127, 166, 223, 249 Feasibility studies 130 Federal programs 81 Feeding behavior 72 Fenamiphos 295 Fertilizer distributors 5, 213 Fertilizer requirement determination 205, 207, 237, 239, 264, 283, 313, 316, 333 Fertilizer technology 131 Fertilizers 64, 171, 201, 249, 316 Festuca arundinacea 15 Field crops 8, 64, 126, 134, 209 Field tests 48, 70, 118, 326 Fixation 182 Fixed ammonium 157 Fixed costs 8, 306 Flood irrigation 22, 117, 288 Florida 176 Flow 185 Fluazifop 147 Flutolanil 290 Fly ash 318 Fodder crops 31, 134, 162, 216 Foliar application 152 Food preferences 143 Food production 271 Forage 176 Fractionation 232 Fruits 221 Fuel consumption 35 Fuelwood 167 Fungal diseases 48, 59, 101, 333 Fungicides 256 Fungus control 123, 136 Furrow irrigation 63, 204, 246, 306 Furrows 22, 63, 283 Fusarium 153 Fusarium culmorum 6, 153 Gaeumannomyces graminis 123, 333 Galinsoga ciliata 140, 141 Galium aparine 102 Gels 290 Genetic variation 153, 193 Genotype environment interaction 138 Genotypes 138, 170, 200 Geological sedimentation 3 Geometry 308 Georgia 93, 116, 194, 264, 290, 295 German federal republic 166 Germany 92 Gibberella acuminata 153 Gibberella avenacea 153 Gibberella zeae 48, 103, 153 Glacial till soils 270 Glufosinate 26 Glycine max 4, 23, 24, 55, 67, 73, 75, 77, 80, 82, 88, 93, 108, 109, 116, 117, 148, 149, 156, 159, 162, 177, 187, 189, 194, 196, 237, 238, 247, 285, 286, 287, 288, 291, 294, 301, 303, 304, 305, 307, 309, 311, 314, 316, 321, 338 Glyphosate 26, 54, 67, 75, 84, 98, 99, 158, 198, 251, 275, 301, 314, 321 Glyptapanteles militaris 336 Gossypium 21, 43, 59, 78, 114, 197, 224, 229, 243, 244 Gossypium hirsutum 56, 57, 83, 93, 95, 118, 119, 208, 231, 235, 256, 306 Grain 5, 54, 62, 89, 133, 146, 160, 164, 182, 183, 200, 204, 205, 217, 218, 219, 240, 259, 260, 262, 264, 281, 313, 316, 329, 330 Grain crops 8, 10, 64, 65 Grass sward 198 Grasses 320 Grassland improvement 176 Grassland soils 232 Grasslands 31, 199, 277 Grazing 73 Grazing effects 176 Green manures 223 Greenhouse culture 48 Growth 57, 254, 279, 295, 310, 332 Growth analysis 112, 158 Growth rate 62, 216 Growth stages 206 Gryllidae 143 Guatemala 182 Habitat selection 144 Habitats 143, 144 Haloxyfop 147 Hapludults 304, 305 Harrowing 137, 164, 290 Harvesting 233 Helianthus annuus 247 Hemarthria altissima 176 Herbage 216 Herbicidal properties 99 Herbicide mixtures 16, 54, 67, 113, 146, 148, 149, 156, 231, 241, 301, 314, 327 Herbicide residues 84, 109, 162, 187 Herbicide resistance 2, 324 Herbicides 2, 13, 20, 23, 45, 49, 55, 64, 76, 82, 102, 118, 125, 159, 161, 162, 177, 189, 215, 226, 244, 249, 256, 272, 294, 298, 306, 319, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 335 Hilling 141 Hippodamia convergens 12 Hoeing 164 Hordeum vulgare 48, 62, 84, 89, 90, 153, 158, 160, 200, 228, 239, 246 Humid tropics 65, 183 Hybridization 250 Hybrids 94 Hydraulic equipment 300 Hydraulics 17 Idaho 246, 332, 335 Illinois 91, 94, 96, 108, 134, 196, 307, 309 Imagery 185, 292 Imazaquin 75, 93, 108, 301, 314 Imazethapyr 93, 108, 149, 156 Incidence 48, 95, 103, 158, 290 Incorporation 219, 296 Indexes 95 India 167, 271, 327 Indiana 82, 161 Indigenous knowledge 271 Infections 296, 333 Infestation 59, 330 Infiltration 22, 65, 154, 307 Innovation adoption 172, 233 Inoculum density 6, 48, 59 Insect control 15, 66, 88, 96, 118, 144, 165, 289, 336 Insect pests 15, 43, 112, 134, 163 Insecticides 134, 256 Integrated pest management 16, 82 Integrated systems 166 Intensive cropping 199, 277 Interactions 136, 286 Intercropping 62, 107, 169, 198 Internodes 153 Interrill erosion 264 Interrow cultivation 16 Iowa 68, 86, 87, 132, 145, 185, 201, 202, 225, 226, 227, 252, 254, 255, 269, 270, 276, 316 Ipomoea lacunosa 75, 301 Iron 137 Irrigated conditions 279, 321 Irrigation 139, 192, 224, 264 Isotope labeling 152, 187 Italy 157 Kansas 18, 81, 101, 204, 205 Kentucky 198, 257 Kernels 170, 318 Kinship 172 Kochia scoparia 76, 251 Labor costs 55 Labor requirements 55 Land clearance 65, 174 Land forming 69 Land productivity 65 Land use 298 Landfills 318 Larrea tridentata 320 Larvae 330 Lasius 186 Leaching 175, 207, 236, 246, 280, 281 Leaf sheaths 296 Leaves 5, 101, 184, 205, 207, 240, 296, 318 Legislation 31, 145 Legumes 152, 273 Leguminosae 299 Lens 333 Lens culinaris 84, 332 Leptosphaeria nodorum 103 Lesions 296 Ley farming 299 Linear programming 82 Lint 306 Linum usitatissimum 28, 105, 111 Linuron 67, 140, 141, 148, 321 Liquid fertilizer distributors 68 Liquid fertilizers 217 Literature reviews 27, 327 Live mulches 294 Livestock farming 249 Livestock feeding 177 Loam soils 117, 288, 306, 316 Lodging 91, 94 Lolium multiflorum 49 Long term experiments 62, 181, 305 Losses 175 Losses from soil 278 Losses from soil systems 33, 116, 236, 264, 281 Louisiana 42, 43, 78, 83, 95, 118, 244 Low input agriculture 221 Lumbricidae 92 Lycopersicon esculentum 221, 279, 294 Lysimetry 236 Macropores 185, 308 Magnesium 24, 174, 316 Maize 80 Maize ears 240 Maize silage 259 Malt 200 Malting quality 200 Manganese 137 Manihot esculenta 65 Manual weed control 164, 188, 320, 327 Manures 280 Maryland 54, 146, 221, 250, 263, 280, 329 Mathematical models 82, 188, 253 Maturation 286 Maturity 221 Mayetiola destructor 88, 289 Mcpa 99, 113, 121 Measurement 185 Medicago sativa 7, 13, 29, 62, 84, 98, 100, 112, 143, 144, 152, 198, 246, 275, 308, 324 Mediterranean climate 192, 298 Melilotus indica 192 Meloidogyne incognita 194 Mesostigmata 186 Metalaxyl 286, 290 Methazole 231 Methodology 185 Metolachlor 16, 74, 140, 141, 156, 175, 241, 314 Metribuzin 75, 109, 140, 141, 148, 149, 187, 301, 310, 314, 321 Metsulfuron 251 Mexico 320 Michigan 34, 144 Microbial activities 273 Microbial degradation 187 Microclimate 155 Middle atlantic states of U.S.A. 207 Mineral content 318 Mineral nutrition 295 Mineralization 4, 85, 198, 246 Minimum tillage 12, 23, 39, 49, 57, 62, 64, 78, 79, 81, 83, 108, 111, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 140, 141, 153, 157, 166, 169, 180, 182, 194, 212, 223, 237, 238, 244, 249, 255, 294, 298, 327, 338 Minnesota 129, 149, 230, 286, 311 Mississippi 19, 31, 73, 75, 148, 197, 278, 301, 321 Missouri 56, 79, 119, 162, 314 Models 328 Moldboards 240, 286, 303, 311 Mollisols 158 Mollugo verticillata 263 Monoammonium phosphate 160, 239 Monoculture 54, 116 Montana 89, 90, 122, 239 Mountain states of U.S.A. 10 Movement in soil 17, 236, 307 Mowing 290, 336 Mulches 59, 171, 221, 279, 292, 294 Multiple land use 299 Musa 65 Mythimna unipuncta 72, 107, 165, 336 Nabis 12 Napropamide 310 Natural enemies 336 Natural selection 193 Nebraska 2, 8, 14, 35, 66, 109, 115, 324 Nematode control 194, 295 New Jersey 294 New South Wales 247, 248, 279 New York 130, 140, 141, 310 Nicotiana tabacum 36, 326 Nigeria 65, 173, 174 Nitrapyrin 240 Nitrate 198 Nitrate nitrogen 133, 198, 246, 277, 280, 281, 316 Nitrogen 4, 5, 36, 53, 58, 85, 89, 90, 133, 152, 155, 157, 160, 171, 181, 182, 184, 196, 198, 201, 205, 206, 207, 222, 223, 246, 254, 260, 261, 269, 277, 281, 283, 305, 313, 315, 316 Nitrogen balance 199 Nitrogen content 53, 91, 174, 184, 204, 206, 217, 240, 259, 260, 261, 299 Nitrogen fertilizers 24, 68, 89, 90, 132, 133, 136, 197, 200, 202, 204, 218, 227, 259, 313 Nitrogen fixation 58, 247, 248, 299 Nitrogen metabolism 133 No-tillage 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 24, 28, 29, 39, 47, 51, 52, 53, 55, 58, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 85, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 100, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 122, 130, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 170, 171, 174, 175, 176, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 192, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 226, 228, 232, 234, 235, 236, 239, 240, 241, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 255, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 263, 264, 270, 273, 274, 275, 277, 279, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 293, 294, 295, 296, 299, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 314, 316, 318, 319, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 335, 337 Nodulation 247 North America 27 North Carolina 15, 36, 53, 88, 154, 186, 206, 208, 259, 273, 326 North Dakota 138, 189, 234, 237, 238, 251, 337 Northern plains states of U.S.A. 64 Nutrient availability 4, 137, 171, 182, 183, 198, 246, 281, 304, 316 Nutrient content 5, 8, 89, 90, 124, 152, 181, 205, 207, 316 Nutrient deficiencies 160, 182 Nutrient solutions 217 Nutrient sources 261 Nutrient uptake 5, 53, 89, 133, 184, 198, 217, 219, 254, 259, 260, 269, 313 Nutrients 222, 223 Ohio 24, 70, 107, 180, 282, 296 Oils 146 Oklahoma 106, 133, 151, 272, 293 Oligochaeta 312 Ontario 16, 23, 52, 55, 62, 77, 80, 169, 172, 178, 212, 338 Oregon 10, 20, 49, 158, 160 Organic amendments 206 Organic farming 27, 64, 166 Oryza sativa 42, 164, 183 Ostrinia nubilalis 107, 129 Ova 129 Overland flow 17 Oversowing 176 Overwintering 91, 296 Paleudults 59 Panicum dichotomiflorum 54, 180 Panicum miliaceum 199 Panicum virgatum 216 Papaipema nebris 96, 258 Parana 48 Paraquat 15, 26, 52, 54, 67, 75, 198, 301, 336 Parasites of insect pests 129, 336 Paratrichodorus minor 194 Paspalum notatum 295 Pasture plants 215 Pastures 174, 299 Pathogenicity 153 Pendimethalin 164, 231 Pennsylvania 25, 29, 112, 143, 175, 184 Perennial weeds 113, 121, 329 Perennials 215 Performance 69, 286 Performance testing 234 Permeability 308 Persistence 93, 108, 162, 236 Pest control 15, 27, 43, 112 Pest management 134, 150, 163, 208 Pest resistance 134, 194 Pesticides 71, 236 Pests 297 Ph 222 Pharbitis hederacea 148 Phaseolus vulgaris 77, 212, 294, 328 Philippines 164 Phosphorus 5, 24, 70, 160, 171, 174, 182, 196, 219, 222, 223, 237, 273, 283, 291, 316 Phosphorus fertilizers 133, 238, 332 Phosphorus pentoxide 283 Phytophthora 286 Phytophthora megasperma 338 Phytotoxicity 84, 108, 146, 216 Phytotoxins 333 Pisum sativum 84, 111, 332 Pithomyces chartarum 18 Placement 5, 89, 90, 133, 218, 239, 269 Plan implementation and evaluation 14 Planning 116 Plant analysis 205, 206, 316 Plant competition 198 Plant composition 53, 133, 184, 204 Plant density 102, 148, 169, 241, 320 Plant development 28 Plant disease control 95, 101, 167, 286 Plant diseases 95, 125 Plant height 105, 286, 303 Plant morphology 193 Plant nutrition 152 Plant parasitic nematodes 295 Plant pathogenic fungi 18, 48, 333, 338 Plant pests 29 Plant proteins 200 Plant residues 152, 206, 230, 263 Planters 52, 213 Planting 295 Planting date 91, 116, 151, 158, 177, 221, 251, 285, 311 Plowing 20, 52, 55, 97, 100, 101, 108, 110, 130, 137, 154, 161, 164, 180, 188, 240, 260, 263, 286, 289, 303, 309, 311, 316, 328, 337 Plows 276 Population change 122 Population density 12, 59, 92, 97, 161, 180, 263, 312, 330 Population distribution 312 Population dynamics 110, 158, 161, 165, 241, 258, 328 Populations 103, 193, 312 Populus 144 Pore size 185, 309 Porosity 308 Postharvest treatment 198 Potassium 24, 171, 174, 183, 222, 223, 283, 316 Potassium fertilizers 183, 283, 332 Potatoes 242 Prairie soils 19 Prairies 19, 209 Pratylenchus brachyurus 194 Precipitation 64, 306 Predation 129 Predators of insect pests 12, 107, 186 Preplanting treatment 52, 74, 156, 244, 314 Prescribed burning 181 Prey 144 Probability 33, 116 Probability analysis 116 Production costs 58, 64, 77, 80, 81, 117, 151, 246, 256, 288, 300 Productivity 299 Profiles 293 Profitability 27, 251, 306 Profits 8, 64 Program development 14, 135 Program effectiveness 14 Program evaluation 35, 135 Prometryn 231 Protein content 89, 138, 218, 262 Prunus persica 295 Pyrenophora avenae 48 Pyrenophora tritici-repentis 18, 101 Pythium 290, 333 Quantitative analysis 153, 308 Queensland 32, 181, 228, 299 Quintozene 95 Quizalofop 147 Radiation balance 253 Radioactive tracers 132, 260 Rain 33, 65, 125, 184, 196, 233, 249 Rainfall simulators 307 Rainy season 182 Raised beds 69 Random sampling 283 Ranking 80, 306 Rapeseed oil 91 Reclamation 265 Recovery 254, 260 Regression analysis 17 Regrowth 198 Regulations 166 Release 206 Reproductive performance 259 Research 63 Residual effects 84, 108, 156, 183, 260 Resistance to penetration 22, 309 Resource materials 10 Resowing 259 Responses 160, 239, 254, 286 Retention 181 Returns 8, 64, 77, 81, 113, 246, 251, 306 Rhizoctonia 158 Rhizoctonia solani 59, 290, 333 Ridge-till 142, 267, 268 Ridges 338 Ridging 55, 56, 64, 79, 80, 119, 169, 196, 204, 240, 241, 253, 260, 269, 278, 286, 311, 316 Rill erosion 264 Rio grande do sul 48, 103 Risk 33, 80, 106, 116 Root crops 65 Root rots 6, 158, 286 Root systems 121 Root treatment 295 Roots 53, 57, 310, 318, 330, 333 Rotary cultivation 98, 188 Rotation 23 Rotations 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 48, 59, 62, 64, 77, 81, 82, 84, 93, 101, 108, 109, 111, 117, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 134, 139, 160, 161, 162, 178, 183, 194, 214, 215, 246, 248, 249, 273, 275, 286, 298, 299, 303, 304, 305, 306, 311, 315, 316, 324, 326 Row spacing 105, 136, 155, 177, 213, 235, 274, 285, 287, 311, 314 Row tillage 127, 249, 291, 334 Rowcrops 8, 64, 71 Rubus allegheniensis 146 Runoff 3, 33, 65, 175, 196, 227, 264 Salinity 192 Salsola kali 192 Sampling 72, 283 Sandy loam soils 22, 59, 77, 93 Sandy soils 55, 207 Sap 247 Saskatchewan 6, 28, 98, 105, 111, 136, 155, 217, 218, 262, 274 Saturated hydraulic conductivity 270 Saudi arabia 137 Schizachyrium scoparium 199 Schizaphis graminum 12, 66 Screening 272 Scymnus 12 Seasonal fluctuations 116, 133, 296 Seasonal variation 5, 33, 55, 59, 95, 116, 158, 215, 310, 316 Secale cereale 24, 52, 77, 140, 141, 165, 194, 207, 263, 294, 336 Sediment 196 Seed banks 23, 110, 161, 176, 180, 188, 328 Seed characteristics 200 Seed dressings 290 Seed germination 110, 259, 275, 286, 290 Seed longevity 275 Seed moisture 303 Seed quality 286 Seed treatment 100, 286 Seedling emergence 97, 156, 188, 286, 290, 338 Seedlings 95, 96, 112, 216, 286 Seeds 95, 110, 112, 188, 259, 286, 290, 314, 321 Selection pressure 193 Selenium 192, 318 Semiarid zones 32, 209 Septoria 155 Sequential cropping 62, 63, 103, 164, 281, 303 Sesbania exaltata 75, 301 Setaria faberi 74, 97, 149, 156, 161, 314, 329 Setaria viridis 97, 241 Sethoxydim 147, 148 Setosphaeria turcica 94 Shoots 53 Shrubs 320 Sidedressing 207, 240 Silt loam soils 93, 109, 152, 180, 283, 284, 293, 300, 307, 309 Silty soils 175 Silvopastoral systems 167 Simazine 54, 175 Simulation 116, 196 Sinapis arvensis 251 Site preparation 15 Slope 253 Slugs 15, 29, 107, 112 Snow cover 230 Soil 116, 186, 250, 260 Soil acidity 293 Soil acidulants 293 Soil air 308 Soil analysis 157, 308 Soil arthropods 171 Soil biology 273 Soil chemistry 24, 70, 157, 204, 237, 277 Soil compaction 22, 41, 92, 154, 282, 334 Soil conservation 31, 46, 60, 115, 116, 145, 178, 205, 222, 252, 255, 264, 265, 298 Soil degradation 299 Soil density 22, 92 Soil depth 4, 157, 188, 230, 270, 275, 277, 280, 283, 293, 316 Soil fertility 4, 24, 65, 70, 85, 155, 171, 179, 199, 222, 264, 277, 279, 281, 299, 304 Soil flora 333 Soil fumigation 333 Soil fungi 59 Soil injection 205, 240, 254, 269 Soil invertebrates 171 Soil management 171 Soil micromorphology 300 Soil organic matter 4, 85, 137, 174, 198, 228, 232, 264, 284, 304, 305, 316 Soil ph 137, 174, 228, 293, 298, 304, 316 Soil physical properties 24, 185, 276, 282, 307 Soil pore system 309 Soil properties 126, 228, 257 Soil salinity 298 Soil structure 62, 65, 298 Soil temperature 59, 230, 253, 303 Soil test values 239, 283 Soil testing 89, 90, 222, 283 Soil types 80, 226 Soil types (cultural) 236 Soil variability 264 Soils 242 Solanum carolinense 329 Solanum tuberosum 140, 141 Solubility 182 Sorghum 247, 248, 278 Sorghum bicolor 5, 30, 32, 81, 101, 199, 205, 264, 281, 306 Sorption 70, 284 South australia 298 South Carolina 26, 289 South Dakota 64, 124, 125, 126, 127, 139, 177, 209, 214, 223, 249, 291, 330, 334 Sowing date 15, 28, 84, 106, 216, 262 Sowing methods 15, 28 Sowing rates 28, 105, 136, 155, 274, 285 Soybeans 80 Spatial distribution 53, 72, 110 Spatial variation 270, 283, 286 Species 92, 312 Species diversity 192, 312 Split dressings 91, 149, 207, 313 Spore germination 296 Sporulation 296 Sprayers 71 Spring 84, 176, 289, 296 Stability 62, 309 Stand establishment 13, 100, 176, 216, 290 Staphylinidae 186 Statistical analysis 293 Stems 318 Stochastic processes 80, 306 Stocking rate 73 Stover 183 Stratigraphy 293 Straw 219 Straw burning 93, 289, 333 Straw mulches 333 Structural design 69, 300 Stubble 88, 112, 181 Stubble cultivation 111, 298, 332 Stubble mulching 122, 190, 191, 232, 281 Subarctic soils 253 Subsoilers 41 Subsurface application 5, 260 Subtropics 4, 299 Sulfate 182 Sulfonylurea herbicides 146 Sulfur 160, 182 Summer 176, 248 Summer fallow 6, 8 Suppression 198 Surface layers 253, 270, 284, 293, 300 Surface modification 5 Surface treatment 5 Surveys 35, 145, 178 Survival 59, 91, 96, 103, 188, 295, 296, 330, 332 Sustainability 10, 65, 82, 111, 123, 167, 271, 298, 299, 316 Sustainable agriculture 297 Sward renovation 176 Switzerland 312 Symptoms 101 Tachinidae 336 Teachers 317 Tebuthiuron 320 Technology 265, 271 Temporal variation 65, 154, 182, 286, 306 Tennessee 51, 203, 287, 302 Terminology 40 Texas 5, 30, 57, 66, 69, 163, 170, 231, 306 Tillage 4, 6, 8, 9, 13, 19, 30, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 62, 64, 77, 80, 87, 88, 91, 93, 95, 96, 104, 106, 109, 110, 114, 116, 130, 133, 137, 138, 140, 141, 144, 147, 148, 153, 157, 158, 160, 162, 170, 171, 175, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 196, 215, 228, 230, 236, 246, 254, 264, 275, 276, 280, 282, 284, 285, 294, 295, 296, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 320, 321 Timing 52, 54, 74, 148, 149, 156, 158, 176, 217, 313, 314 Toposequences 277 Topsoil 25 Total costs 55 Total digestible nutrients 8 Traditional farming 27, 65 Traffic 92 Trafficability 22, 282 Transplanters 36 Transport processes 185 Trap crops 134 Trapping 29 Treatment 272 Trichogramma 129 Trickle irrigation 22 Triclopyr 146 Trifluralin 231 Trifolium incarnatum 58, 59, 206, 259, 264, 313 Trifolium pratense 62, 152, 315 Trifolium repens 15 Trifolium subterraneum 123, 171, 221, 279, 294 Triple superphosphate 182 Triticum 18, 49, 103, 123, 157, 214, 333, 335 Triticum aestivum 4, 6, 10, 12, 26, 28, 48, 62, 76, 77, 81, 82, 84, 88, 89, 90, 92, 99, 101, 102, 106, 109, 111, 113, 117, 121, 122, 133, 136, 138, 144, 148, 151, 153, 155, 160, 193, 199, 217, 218, 219, 228, 239, 246, 251, 262, 274, 281, 289, 293, 303, 304, 305, 306, 311, 327, 332, 337 Triticum durum 234 Tropical grasslands 299 Tropical rain forests 65 Tropical soils 182 Tropics 32 Tubers 140 Tuscany 171 Tyrophagus putrescentiae 186 U.S.A. 145, 265, 271 Uk 102 Ultisols 65, 174, 183, 264 Ultisols--particle size distribution--soil density--bulk density--soil compaction--horizontal infiltration--land clearance--bulldozers--cropping systems--alley cropping--pastures--no-tillage--agroforestry 173 Ultrafiltration 85 Uncertainty 116 Undersowing 312 Undisturbed sampling 300 Universal soil loss equation 116 Upland rice 164 Uptake 318 Urea 181, 182, 184, 217, 228, 261, 293 Urea ammonium nitrate 160, 184, 205, 207, 217, 240, 260, 269, 283 Urea fertilizers 152 Urease inhibitors 184 Ureides 247 Use efficiency 5, 90, 132, 133, 160, 184, 204, 205, 207, 254, 269, 313, 316 Valuation 27, 306 Variable costs 8, 55, 306 Varietal reactions 94, 138, 200 Varietal susceptibility 286, 338 Varieties 234 Variety trials 138 Vegetables 27, 272 Vertisols 181, 228 Vicia 197 Vicia villosa 59, 159, 221, 263 Vigna radiata 247 Vigna unguiculata 164, 183, 247 Vigor 95, 286 Vineyards 171, 331 Virginia 67, 72, 207, 216, 250, 336 Virulence 59, 94, 101 Vitis 171 Volatilization 184 Volcanic ash soils 182 Volunteer plants 158, 259 Washington 10, 20, 158, 193, 200, 333 Watersheds 33, 178 Weed biology 97, 110, 161, 180, 241, 328 Weed competition 327 Weed control 2, 7, 9, 16, 20, 23, 26, 32, 46, 49, 54, 67, 74, 75, 76, 82, 84, 96, 99, 102, 108, 109, 113, 121, 123, 125, 140, 141, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 156, 158, 159, 161, 169, 231, 241, 243, 244, 251, 275, 294, 301, 310, 314, 319, 321, 322, 324, 326, 328, 329, 331, 335 Weeding 164, 327 Weeds 2, 16, 96, 110, 112, 143, 148, 180, 188, 208, 241, 258, 263, 294, 326, 327 Weight 286 Western australia 123 Wet season 65 Wheat flour 138 Wheat straw 133, 333 Wheel tracks 334 Wheels 308 Width 285 Wild plants 192 Windrows 174 Winter 15, 230, 296 Winter hardiness 262, 332 Winter kill 262 Winter wheat 101, 122, 138, 217, 218, 219, 246, 262, 274, 293 Wisconsin 74, 110, 156, 215, 236, 240, 241, 285, 303 Work experience programs 317 Xanthium strumarium 148, 314, 321 Xylem 247 Yield components 274 Yield factors 207 Yield increases 330 Yield losses 337 Yield response functions 218, 274 Yield targets 333 Yields 87, 189, 202, 227 Zea mays 4, 7, 16, 23, 24, 32, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 62, 70, 72, 74, 77, 80, 82, 94, 96, 107, 108, 109, 129, 130, 132, 144, 146, 154, 157, 161, 164, 165, 169, 175, 177, 180, 182, 184, 186, 196, 198, 199, 201, 202, 204, 207, 215, 227, 240, 241, 246, 250, 254, 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 269, 273, 275, 276, 280, 283, 286, 291, 294, 296, 303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 315, 316, 318, 324, 328, 329, 330, 336 Zinc 137