From SYSAM@UACSC2.ALBANY.EDUMon May 22 07:18:21 1995 Date: Mon, 22 May 95 08:38:03 EDT From: Aaron Morris To: dicka@cuug.ab.ca ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 2 May 1992 16:13:59 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: ncc13 THE 13TH NATIONAL COMPUTER CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) and the Saudi Computer Society will host the 13th National Computer Conference and Exhibition in Riyadh, on 27/5-2/6, 1413 AH, 21-26 November, 1992 AD. This conference is a continuation of the previous 12 national computer conferences held in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia since 1394 AH, 1974 AD. The General Conference Theme is: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER The conference Organizing Committee would like to extend its invit- ation to all scholars to submit original research papers for consid- eration under the following topics: MAIN TOPICS: ----------- A - HUMAN ASPECTS 1. Human Computer Interaction 2. Training 3. Legal Aspects 4. Social Aspects 5. Computer Literacy and Education 6. Special Interest Groups B - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 1. Information Industries 2. Tools and Infrastructures 3. Role of Research 4. Planning and Management Papers on the following topics can also be submitted: 1. Computer Networks 2. VLSI 3. Systems Architecture 4. Software Engineering 5. Artificial Intelligence 6. Data Bases The deadline for submission of the full text of the papers is 26/12/1412 AH (27 June 1992 AD) The notification date for acceptance of refereed full papers is 10/4/1412AH (6 October, 1992 AD). Five copies of each paper should be mailed to the following address: Chairman of Research Committee, The 13th National Computer Conference Directorate of Information Systems King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST) P.O. Box # 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia A paper should include an abstract of not more than 200 words, and the paper length, including diagrams and tables, should not exceed 15 single-spaced A4 pages. Margins should be approximately 3 cm and the paper should be printed on a high quality printer. References should be numbered in the following format: -{Number}, author name, title, journal or publisher, volume, number, place and date, page numbers. For more information, please contact: Tel: (966-1) 481 3273 Fax: (966-1) 488 3118 E-Mail: NCC13@SAKACS00.BITNET ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 3 May 1992 19:23:29 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Darryl G. Hosford" Subject: Merging Hives via swarms Hello All, I wrote some time ago about merging two hives, to make one stong hive rather than two weak ones. My last message was just after I had merged the hives. One day after merging the hives, I noticed that the bees had not eaten through the two sheets of newspaper. I took out one piece, and cut small slits into the paper to allow the two hives scent to merge before they got through. By the next day, the hives had eaten through, but looked much like two hives. After a few more days, most of the bees were in the lower body, and it was very easy to smoke the remaining ones down. This has increased the size of the worker force, but took a lot of work on my part..... So much for the information... Darryl ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 6 May 1992 14:31:41 CDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: gandalf@VAX1.BEMIDJI.MSUS.EDU LIST ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 7 May 1992 09:11:57 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Demo Subject: LIST WHat? Hi, Wha? ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 8 May 1992 00:15:35 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "(enter your name here)" Subject: No Subject *** Reply to note of 05/07/92 13:15 I received a note that read, "LIST". What does that mean? -- (enter your signature here) (5-xxxx) ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 8 May 1992 09:59:00 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Stephen J. Clark" Subject: Re: No Subject In answer to the queries about the "LIST" message: It's probably not secret code or a message from aliens. Rather, I think it is yet another user confusing a list (e.g. BEE-L) with a list-server. People often send on-line commands (e.g. SUBSCRIBE, UNSUBSCRIBE, LIST, etc.) to lists not realizing that they should go to the servers. Or maybe it is a message from aliens - ²Quien sabe? Steve Clark Vassar College ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 8 May 1992 15:56:00 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Malcolm (Tom) Sanford, Florida Extension Apiculturist" Subject: MAY ISSUE OF APIS FILENAME: MAYAPIS.92 Florida Extension Beekeeping Newsletter Apis--Apicultural Information and Issues (ISSN 0889-3764) Volume 10, Number 5, May 1992 AFRICAN BEES-INFORMING THE PUBLIC The merry month of May is a time of transition from spring to summer. It brings to mind the poem: A swarm in May is worth a bale of hay. A swarm in June is worth a silver spoon. A swarm in July isn't worth a fly. The above lines were written by a midwestern beekeeper. Here in the south, the events described occur earlier. Over the last two years, the month of May has also meant something else. It's the time when African bees get noticed by the mass media. According to official APHIS reports, three stinging incidents occurred in March. A goat, a sheep and two dogs were stung to death. They were tied and so they couldn't escape. In conjunction with these incidents, two people were taken to the hospital for treatment and were released. On April 13, the 60-year-old postmistress of Sebastian, Texas was stung over 400 times while using a weed eater. She survived. Her daughter was also stung some 40 times when she tried to give aid. The press reported the first fatality in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico in April. And in early May, an Associated Press report said that the bees have reached San Antonio. Expect to see a good amount of attention in the mass media on this event. San Antonio is the first large metropolitan area in the U.S. the bees will invade. What will happen is anybody's guess at this time, but reports from officials emphasize that people will have to learn to live with this insect in the environment. Echoing that statement is an article authored by Dr. Mark Winston, The Sciences, March/April 1992. The title is "Honey, They're Here- -Learning to Cope with Africanized Bees." Dr. Winston calls the bee the "pop insect of the twentieth century" which has become part of our collective consciousness. As examples of its notoriety, he recalls the 1978 movie, The Swarm, which many in the bee industry feared, but fortunately "was a flop and closed within days of its opening." He also says a more benign presentation was the famous skit on "Saturday Night Live," with John Belushi dressed like a bee saying "Your pollen or your wife!" He hopes the scare stories have run their course and concludes that "frightening the public is easy, informing more difficult; and it is information, not horror, that is needed now. For the Africanized bee is here to stay, and we are left with only one option: learning to live with it." Informing the public about the bee continues to be the focus of both the USDA and Texas Cooperative Extension Service. USDA News, an internal information publication by USDA, recently carried a story on what is being called "the bee box." This show-and-tell kit is designed to teach school children about honey bees in general and African bees in particular. It comes packaged in a blue cardboard box that looks like a bee trap and contains four 15- minute lesson plans, cartoons and handouts. Also included are photos of honey bee-related scenes, African and European bees encased in resin, a color slide set with scripts and audio cassettes in Spanish and English, and scratch and sniff pheromones. Cable News Network did a story on the box's inauguration when it was presented to a third-grade class in Weslaco, Texas. Because funds are low and "the bee box" is so popular, the Texas Extension Service is now selling them for $50.00 each. To order, send a FAX to 409/845-2414 or mail a check to Agricultural Communications Dept., 201 Reed McDonald Bldg., Texas A & M, College Station, TX 77843-2112, ph 409/845-6800. The Texas-USDA Extension efforts also resulted in four 30-second Public Service Announcements (PSAs) in Spanish and English. These have been distributed to many television stations in the Rio Grande Valley. The quality of the programming is so good, the PSAs were awarded the grand prize in the Television Spots Division of the Audiovisual Communications category from the Council on Agricultural Science and Education District IV Series. The Florida Division of Plant Industry (DPI) has also begun a campaign to inform the public about the African bee under the leadership of Ms. Phyllis Habeck and Ms. Maeve McConnell. A module for grades 1-6 in the public schools has been written and is now being published. It will be available to teachers who are enrolled in the "Ag in the Classroom" program. The Escarosa Beekeepers Association has graciously agreed to help fund production of the slides to accompany the module. A training program for teachers in this program is scheduled for July 6-8, 1992 on the University of Florida Campus. An article in the May 1 Florida Market Bulletin quoting Agriculture Commissioner Crawford stated that "Ag in the Classroom" is ploughing new ground in Florida agricultural educational efforts. A journalism student, Christopher Harig, is also actively writing articles for Florida agriculturally oriented magazines under the auspices of DPI. One was recently published in Citrus and Vegetable Magazine entitled: "Beekeepers Humming Along, Prepare of African's Arrival." Another has been accepted by Florida Living and is to be published in August. One will be proposed to Horse Breeding. The results of informing the public and educating children about African bees are mixed and not a panacea. Dave Mayes in the Dept. of Agricultural Communications, Texas A & M, tells me that response to the African bee situation and press coverage cannot be predicted. The Texas Public Health Commission has declared that the bee is not a major health hazard. Fire departments in Houston and Del Rio are training personnel to handle bee problems; the one in McAllen has taken an "it's not our problem" approach. The Houston Fire Department has embarked on an ambitious, proactive program even before the bees arrive. These efforts are described in a recent Houston public television program. I am also informed that a fire department in a small Texas valley community quickly used up its surplus money responding to a large number of bee calls. Fire departments and other public agencies are more involved than they might like to be because pest control companies have shown themselves to be not interested in routine bee calls. The profit margin is low and the liability risks high. Paradoxically, the Texas Legislature recently passed a law stating that only registered pest control operators could legally kill bees. This effectively eliminated a pool of persons who might assist individuals and governments in this area, beekeepers themselves. The view that informing the public about the African bee serves no good purpose, in reality making the situation worse by sensitizing the press and public, has its supporters. On the other hand, withholding information and/or purposefully playing down the potential problems associated with the bee can come back to haunt. To see this double-edged sword more closely, one only has to carefully examine the role of mass information dissemination in the recent Los Angeles riots. Walking the fine line between information, as noted by Dr. Winston above, and what is called "infotainment," is an art. Given the media's interest in the African bee, as evidenced in Texas and also true in Florida where a press release on trap lines set up by the Division of Plant Industry drew a huge response, the impact of a few misplaced words could be telling. This is why I have decided to concentrate on the topic of the beekeeper's role in educating the public and school children about the African bee at the yearly Beekeepers Institute at 4-H Camp Ocala August 21-23. Several person with expertise in media relations and education have volunteered to participate. If anyone receiving this newsletter has strong views on the subject or is willing to share expertise, let me know. It seems reasonable, perhaps in a brainstorming format such as is possible at the Institute, to determine what options might be pursued to get the correct information distributed to mass media and education before the bee gets to Florida. APPEAL FOR HONEY Back in November, I appealed to the industry to provide a barrel of honey to the Department of Entomology/Nematology's student program. Mr. Scott Yocom says that although the honey was promised, the actual delivery fell through. Now that the active honey-producing season is upon us, it would be a good time to set aside some hard- won sweet for the students to sell. Their profit margin is high and so a small amount goes a long way. If you can help, please contact Mr. Yocom, currently doing mite research under Dr. Cromroy, at 904/392-1901, ext. 211 or John Amoroso ext. 184. More on Soap/Oil for Insect Control In the November, 1989 issue of this newsletter, I wrote about "stopping bees" using soapy water as described the California's Extension Apiculturist, Dr. Eric Mussen. This recipe (a cup of detergent per gallon of water as spray) has also been described in some detail by others. The August, 1989 issue of Gleanings in Bee Culture discussed the subject in the article "To Kill a Honey Bee." At the 1990 American Bee Research Conference it was suggested that because detergents were polluting substances, the amount could be reduced to some extent by substituting more benign vegetable oil. There have been several questions in the extension and regulatory community concerning the recommendation and use of soaps, detergents, and vegetable oils to kill various insects, including African bees. The situation has been clarified recently by Drs. J. Capinera and O. Nesheim here at the University of Florida. According to these authors, "Federal and state pesticide laws do not permit persons who have a financial interest in such materials to make pesticidal claims in connection with their sale or distribution unless the material is registered as a pesticide. Examples of persons having such an interest are employees of the manufacturer of such products, employees of wholesale or retail establishments where such materials are sold, and pesticide applicators who make pest control claims for trade name materials in connection with pest control services they are selling to a customer. Persons making pest control claims for a material in connection with its sale can be charged with the sale and distribution of an unregistered pesticide." "Persons who use products not registered with EPA for any use not specifically recommended on the product label are responsible for any plant damage or chemical residues that may result. However, a person at his/her own discretion can use soaps, detergents, and vegetable oils for pest control purposes. It is also not illegal to recommend (or suggest) the use of these materials which have been used for many years by gardeners and others for pest control. Popular literature contains many references to their use and effectiveness." "Evaluations of soaps and oils for pest control have been published; the effectiveness of these materials is less consistent than with chemical pesticides. The research base is also considerably weaker. Therefore, soaps are more properly discussed as options, rather than specifically "recommended." Results of soap and oil as pesticides have been mixed. Plant varieties also differ in their susceptibility to burning induced by soaps and oils, and environmental conditions, as well as micronutrients, fertilizers, and other additives may affect this tendency. The higher the rate of application, the more likely burning and stunting will occur." "Finally, when discussing soaps, detergents, and vegetable oils for pest control purposes, it is best to avoid recommending a brand name. However, there are some registered products available that contain these materials, such as the Safer (R) and Mycogen Soap (R)." Air Pollution and Citrus Nectar The citrus flow seems to be different every year. Some honey out of the groves this season is reported to be very low moisture (15%) for Florida and almost water white in color. The spotty production has few causes to correlate with. There have been many changes in the groves in the last five years. After the disastrous freezes of the mid 1980s, diverse citrus varieties are now growing in different soil conditions than in the past. Now another possible change is suggested. According to an article in the March Florida Grower and Rancher, a concern of citrus growers in northern Manatee and southern Hillsborough Counties is damage to trees by air pollution. The article concludes, "Leaves begin to curl, so they increase irrigation. No change. They decrease irrigation. Still no change. Leaf yellowing indicates a nutritional problem and they apply more fertilizer. No change. They order a leaf tissue analysis, and the report states the nutritional levels are normal. They spray for one pest after another and still the grove 'looks wrong.'" Two growers who can be contacted for information on the subject are Blake Whisenant, ph. 813/776-1110, and Mike Houghtaling, ph. 813/645-3256. If a grove "looks wrong" for citrus production, there's a good chance this will affect nectar secretion as well. Sincerely, Malcolm T. Sanford Entomology-Nematology, Bldg 970 University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 Phone (904) 392-1801, Ext. 143 FAX: 904-392-0190 BITNET Address: MTS@IFASGNV INTERNET Address: MTS@GNV.IFAS.UFL.EDU ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 10 May 1992 15:39:02 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Darryl G. Hosford" Subject: Combining swarms I have written a few notes about combining a swarm and a hive to increase worker force. I have just repeated the process with a second hive, and have had excellent sucess. There are some tricks that are not completely obvious to the new commer (as I am): 1. Box the swarm, and transport to the hive you want to merge it with. Set the swarm box on the hive. In the late afternoon, take off the lid of the hive, place a single sheet of newspaper down. Cut a few slits through the paper, (Not openings for the bees- just their scent) Add a hive box above the paper, put in a few frames, and dump the swarm into the top box. Put the lid on the top box with a slit that the workers that are flying around can come in through. This also allows air flow until they eat through the paper. 4. When paper is visible at the hive entrance, the bees have eaten through enough. Remove the paper, and depending on the size of the combined hive, depends if you should leave the second body in place. The process is simple, and when done right, there is no great loss of bees from fighting. Darryl P.S. I am interested to hear from others about how their bees are doing, what their honey flow is like, what plants are in flower in your area, etc. ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 11 May 1992 18:28:43 GMT+0000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: SPEAR@KELVIN.JPL.NASA.GOV Subject: RE: Combining swarms darryl - ive appreciated you telling us of your experiences with combining a swarm with an existing hive. im even more a novice than you are, as i havent even attempted to combine hives. i cant tell where you are located altho it looks like california. im in a canyon by big tujunga canyon in southern ca. ive got one hive that i started last year, and i hope to get some honey this year. *everything* is in bloom here, and i cant tell what the dominant source is right now. ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 11 May 1992 16:46:01 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: MILNE@WSUVM1.BITNET Fellow BEE-L watchers: I have heard it said that information is power. One very useful form of information for those doing research is references to published work. I have a computer-based reference file that has about 1100 references to honey bees. I would be willing to share (or trade?) this reference file with others that have computer based reference files. How many of you on BEE-L have computer-based reference files? How many of you are interested in a reference file that can be searched for any combination of author, keyword, title word, year or journal in seconds? Would anyone besides me see it beneficial to combine any available in to a very comprehensive reference list for bee researchers? Mine is in FileMaker Pro on a Macintosh, and can output to or input from text files. Let me know of any interest. Chuck Milne - MILNE@WSUVM1 ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 11 May 1992 18:54:29 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Edward E Southwick Subject: References Dr Milne has an interesting idea of combining computer ref lists. I too have mine on a Macintosh, but it strikes me that we may be reinventing the wheel as IBRA, Cornell, Guelph and now Tew at Ohio State all have BIG computerized ref data bases. I am most interested in just a few areas so how would my file be useful to people interested in entirely different areas? On the other hand, this may be something we could pursue as a resource via BEE-L that might be able to be updated continuously and accessed by any and all who want to. I will check with my computer service people who set this system up to see if it can be done. (Are you listening BEE-L@ALBNYVM1?). cheers, ed.southwick ================================================================== º Edward E. Southwick Department of Biology º º Phone 716-395-5743 State University of New York º º FAX 716-395-2416 Brockport, New York 14420 º º BITNET SOUTHWIK@BROCK1P U.S.A. º ================================================================== ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 12 May 1992 21:42:18 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Darryl G. Hosford" Subject: Swarm combo with a hive, posible danger Hello all, I am writing to follow up on swarm / hive combination. Going through the hive that I combined, makes me think that both queens were killed in battle. Done properly, the workers accept eachother quite well, but only one queen will remain. It is possible that both queens could sting eachother, leaving the hive without a queen. If one queen is removed before the combo, this potential problem would be eliminated. I also wonder about the possibility to transmit disease, when combining hives, but have no info on this. Darryl ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 May 1992 09:13:24 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Glen B. Glater" Subject: Combining Hives Something else that a friend of mine tried that worked was to throw the hives together and then pour a large quantity of water into the hive. The bees got so busy cleaning out the water that they forgot that they were supposed to fight, and by the time they finished, the scents of the two hives had merged. The queens then fought it out, and the combined hive was fine. ************************************************************* Glen B. Glater Phone: (617) 494-1999 Technical Support Engineer Fax: (617) 494-5167 Cayman Systems Inc. Internet: glen@cayman.com 26 Landsdowne Street AppleLink: CAYMAN.TECH Cambridge, MA 02139 SneakerNet: 3rd cube on the left ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 May 1992 09:14:20 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Glen B. Glater" Subject: Styrofoam hives Does anyone have any info on the availability of Styrofoam hives in the US? They are supposed to cut down drastically on insect and disease problems... Thanks. Glen ************************************************************* Glen B. Glater Phone: (617) 494-1999 Technical Support Engineer Fax: (617) 494-5167 Cayman Systems Inc. Internet: glen@cayman.com 26 Landsdowne Street AppleLink: CAYMAN.TECH Cambridge, MA 02139 SneakerNet: 3rd cube on the left ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 May 1992 11:51:00 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Bill Drew -- Serials Librarian Subject: FWD: Guide to Agricultural Resources on the Internet Now Available I am posting this message below to this list because of the subject matter. I am not member so please send any comments or questions directly to me NOT to the list. My guide to INTERNET Resources in Agriculture is now available at three different sites. The description below is from the SURANET guide maintained by Michael Taranto of NIC Services at SURAnet. NOT JUST COWS - A Guide to INTERNET/Bitnet Resources in Agriculture and Related Sciences; Written and Compiled by Wilfred Drew, 5/8/92; SUNY at Morrisville College of Agriculture and Technology. The purpose of this Guide is to list Agricultural and Related Sciences information resources available through the INTERNET. Agricultural information resources listed include; an index of over 40 libraries with extensive collections in agriculture; INTERNET BBS such as Advanced Technology Information Network and CENET; a collection of mail based services such as Almanac Servers and over 60 Listserve Discussion Groups; other miscellaneous information resources such as WAIS and FEDIX. ================================= Access: ftp.sura.net Directory: pub/nic File: agricultural.list (Note that this is a text file not binary.) ================================= Gord Nickerson's LIBSOFT ARCHIVE Access: ftp hydra.uwo.ca Directory: libsoft File: AGRICULTURE_INTERNET_GUIDE.TXT (Note this is a text file not a binary) AGRICULTURE_INTERNET_GUIDE.WP51 (Note this is a BINARY and is in WOrdPerfect format) ================================= Billy Barron's Site at UNT. Access: ftp ftp.unt.edu File: AGRICULTURE-INTERNET.TXT (Note this is a text file not a binary) AGRICULTURE-INTERNET.WORDPERFECT51 (Note this is a BINARY and is in WordPerfect 5.1 format) ================================= Before you print out the WordPerfect file, be sure to generate the table of contents file as the paging will be different from my original file due to different default printers. I also used the master document and sub document features of WordPerfect so WP will ask you if the document needs generating before you can print it. Please feel free to use this guide in any way you want as long as YOU DO NOT CHARGE ANY ONE FOR A COPY. Please also credit me for my work. It took a lot of digging to assemble this guide. I could have put the standard copy right statement in it but I hate those things and will only do that if necessary. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Wilfred Drew (Call me "Bill") ______ | | Serials/Reference/Computers Librarian / | | | State University of New York / | | | Agriculture and Technical College | | | | P.O. Box 902 _________/ | | | Morrisville, NY 13408-0902 | | | | DECnet: SMORV::DREWWE / * Morrisville | | BITNET: DREWWE@SNYMORVA |______________ | | | INTERNET: DREWWE@SNYMORVA.CS.SNYMOR.EDU |_ | | | DREWWE@SNYMORVB.CS.SNYMOR.EDU \__| _____ | | Phone: (315)684-6055 or 684-6060 |_____| | | Fax: (315)684-6115 | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 13 May 1992 15:47:00 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Bill Drew -- Serials Librarian Subject: Revised announcement of agiculture guide to internet resources My guide to INTERNET Resources in Agriculture is now available at three different sites. The description below is from the SURANET guide maintained by Michael Taranto of NIC Services at SURAnet. NOT JUST COWS - A Guide to INTERNET/Bitnet Resources in Agriculture and Related Sciences; Written and Compiled by Wilfred Drew, 5/8/92; SUNY at Morrisville College of Agriculture and Technology. The purpose of this Guide is to list Agricultural and Related Sciences information resources available through the INTERNET. Agricultural information resources listed include; an index of over 40 libraries with extensive collections in agriculture; INTERNET BBS such as Advanced Technology Information Network and CENET; a collection of mail based services such as Almanac Servers and over 60 Listserve Discussion Groups; other miscellaneous information resources such as WAIS and FEDIX. ================================= Access: ftp.sura.net Directory: pub/nic File: agricultural.list (Note that this is a text file not binary.) ================================= Gord Nickerson's LIBSOFT ARCHIVE Access: ftp hydra.uwo.ca Directory: libsoft File: AGRICULTURE_INTERNET_GUIDE.TXT (Note this is a text file not a binary) AGRICULTURE_INTERNET_GUIDE.WP51 (Note this is a BINARY and is in WOrdPerfect format) ================================= Billy Barron's Site at UNT. Access: ftp ftp.unt.edu File: AGRICULTURE-INTERNET.TXT (Note this is a text file not a binary) AGRICULTURE-INTERNET.WORDPERFECT51 (Note this is a BINARY and is in WordPerfect 5.1 format) ================================= Before you print out the WordPerfect file, be sure to generate the table of contents file as the paging will be different from my original file due to different default printers. I also used the master document and sub document features of WordPerfect so WP will ask you if the document needs generating before you can print it. Please feel free to use this guide in any way you want as long as YOU DO NOT CHARGE ANY ONE FOR A COPY. Please also credit me for my work. It took a lot of digging to assemble this guide. I could have put the standard copy right statement in it but I hate those things and will only do that if necessary. =================How to FTP======================================== FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It allows a person to transfer files between two systems, generally connect over local area networks or wide area networks, such as the Internet. Sample FTP session The commands you enter are at ftp> prompt. ftp hydra.uwo.ca <== This command is entered at your system prompt. The address of the remote system here is hydra.uwo.ca. Response from remote system: 220 HYDRA.UWO.CA MultiNet FTP Server Process 3.0(12) at Thu 7-May-92 11:48AM-GMT Connected to HYDRA.UWO.CA. Name (hydra.uwo.ca:drewwe): anonymous <== Enter anonymous at this prompt. 331 anonymous user ok. Send real ident as password. Password: <== Enter your e-mail address. It will not be visible. 230-Guest User DREWWE@SNYMORVA.BITNET logged into PUB:[000000] at Thu 7-May-92 11:48, job 5793. 230 Directory and access restrictions apply ftp> cd libsoft <== Change directory command. 250 Connected to PUB:[000000.LIBSOFT]. <== Directory changes ftp> ls <== Lists files in directory 200 Port 6.98 at Host 136.204.1.1 accepted. 150 List started. <== I have deleted the list of files from this example. 226 Transfer completed. Received transfer complete reply 1553 bytes received in 00:00:27.97 seconds ftp> ascii <== Sets file transfer to text. If binary type binary instead. 200 Type A ok. ftp> get AGRICULTURE_INTERNET_GUIDE.TXT <== command for transferring file to our system ftp> quit <== Ending session 221 QUIT command received. Goodbye. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Wilfred Drew (Call me "Bill") ______ | | Serials/Reference/Computers Librarian / | | | State University of New York / | | | Agriculture and Technical College | | | | P.O. Box 902 _________/ | | | Morrisville, NY 13408-0902 | | | | DECnet: SMORV::DREWWE / * Morrisville | | BITNET: DREWWE@SNYMORVA |______________ | | | INTERNET: DREWWE@SNYMORVA.CS.SNYMOR.EDU |_ | | | DREWWE@SNYMORVB.CS.SNYMOR.EDU \__| _____ | | Phone: (315)684-6055 or 684-6060 |_____| | | Fax: (315)684-6115 | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 14 May 1992 15:21:29 TUR Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Yavuz Darendelioglu Subject: Re: Styrofoam hives In-Reply-To: Message of Wed, 13 May 1992 09:14:20 EDT from Hi all, I wonder how does the styrofoam hives cut down the diseases. Can someone give me some info? Thanks. Yavuz Darendelioglu ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 18 May 1992 00:40:59 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: MILNE@WSUVM1.BITNET Sunday, May 17, 1992 Bee-l readers; The second issue of the Honey Bee Molecular Genetics Newsletter has been distributed to subscribers. I have posted a copy for your information, but do not plan to post many more issues on Bee-L. Therefore, If you want to continue to receive this newsletter (by snail mail) you MUST subscribe. Its is free, and you can subscribe by sending me your name, address, phone number, FAX number, E-mail address, and a 20 word description of your interests. Charles Milne - MILNE@WSUVM1 HONEY BEE MOLECULAR GENETICS NEWSLETTER Editor: Charles P. Milne, Jr. Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164-6832 Volume 1 * Number 2 * April 1992 *** Editorial *** This Honey Bee Molecular Genetics Newsletter appears to be meeting a need. Thirteen new subscribers have enlisted since the first issue, and the number of foreign subscribers (including Canada) is now fourteen. If you know someone that might like to receive this Newsletter, send them a copy! A bee biology network is available for anyone interested in the biology of bees with access to a mainframe computer connected to BITNET or INTERNET. To subscribe, send the following message via BITNET to LISTSERV@ALBNYVM1 SUB BEE-L your full name You can send and receive messages from others interested in bee biology on a daily basis. If you have difficulty sending or receiving e-mail, contact your computer services center. One function of this newsletter is to foster collaboration, and at least one researcher has expressed interest in establishing collaborative ties. Mario Sergio Palma, in Brazil, is interested in the; 1) study of mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms of stingless bees by the use of electrophoresis of restriction fragments, both as an auxiliary tool for taxonomic purposes and as criteria to follow migration routes, 2) construction of gene banks for Apis mellifera and some species of stingless bees, and 3) investigation of possible mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene expression (at the transcriptional and translational level) in sex and caste determination of Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona postica. He would appreciate interactions with molecular genetic researchers interested in collaboration. IUve heard it said that information is power, and for researchers, information in the form of references to published work is always useful. A computer file of 1650 fire ant references is available from Dr. Sanford Porter (USDA-ARS, Maverl, P.O. Box 14565, Gainsville, FL 32604) and I have a file containing over 1100 honey bee references, I could share with others. Handling data once entered in some computer file format is so easy that building a large reference file for a personal computer would be a relatively simple task. It is possible to search the titles, authors, key words, year and journal of thousands of articles on computer in seconds. Send me a description if you have a reference file and are willing to share it. If you have any thoughts on reference file sharing or building larger databases, send me a note. There are probably other reference databases available that I do not know about, and they could be listed for others in the next issue. *** Research Review *** Africanized Bee Research G. Barrie Kitto and Ellen Verdel Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 Our laboratory is involved in two Africanized bee projects; developing rapid biochemical tests to distinguish Africanized and European bees, and using allozymes to analyze bee populations as Africanization proceeds in Texas. We identified three proteins (termed A-1, A-2, and B-1) unique to Africanized Honey Bees (AHB) using narrow range, non-denaturing isoelectric focusing (IEF). Over 800 individuals from sixteen sources in Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Brazil were screened by IEF. Not every individual AHB had all three of these proteins, but only 7% lacked one of the AHB-specific proteins. Building on our results, Hung and his colleagues at the USDA also identified a similar set of AHB-specific proteins. A rapid test for identifying these AHB-specific proteins would allow for a speedy determination of whether a swarm was Africanized by analysis of a few bees. To test this approach, bees from the first putative Africanized swarm to enter the United States (October, 1990), were screened using IEF, and 90 of the 100 bees tested contained the AHB proteins. Analysis of a companion swarm caught simultaneously in the double-sided trap served as an excellent control, and tested 100% domestic. In another example, two swarms caught in May of 1991 in central Tamaulipas, Mexico, proved to be highly Africanized according to our criteria (96% and 100% Africanized). These results were confirmed by other observations, such as cell size. The AHB-specific proteins were purified by IEF and SDS-gel electrophoresis for structural studies and antibody preparation. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies directed against the A-1 and A-2 proteins cross-reacted not only with these proteins in AHB samples, but also with the other AHB-specific protein, B-1. Unfortunately, this antisera also reacted to a lesser extent with a protein (termed B-2) found in all European and 50% of Africanized bee populations. Cross-reactivity is indicative of a degree of structural relatedness of these four proteins. Adsorption of the antisera with an immobilized European honey bee extract provided AHB-specific antibodies. We are involved in the production of monoclonal antibodies to A-1, A-2, and B-1. These antibodies allow for the development of ELISA assays for AHB detection and for the development of TdipstickU type assays for rapid and economical detection of AHB. The ELISA assay should provide a means of quantitative estimation, in a laboratory setting, of the degree of Africanization in samples from swarms and traplines. The dipstick assay should be well suited for rapid, low cost field analysis such as hive sampling and identification of Africanized swarms. Our allozyme studies are concerned with the dynamics of honey bee population changes as ingress of Africanized bees occurs in Texas. These studies are being carried out in collaboration with Drs. Orley Taylor (University of Kansas) and Bill Rubink (USDA-Weslaco), and involve electrophoretic analysis of isozymes of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and hexokinase (HK). The analysis of honey bee MDH by electrophoresis has shown the presence of three alleles for the cytoplasmic form of this enzyme. Previous studies of Apis mellifera scutellata from Africa showed that the R5S or RfastS allele was present in 100% of these colonies, but was only present in low frequencies in other subspecies. These findings suggested that the MDH R5S allele might be a useful marker to assess the degree of Africanization of bee colonies in North and South America. In order to assess the usefulness of this approach, we determined the MDH allele frequencies of a number of Africanized bee samples from Central and South America, and carried out a broad survey of European bees across the United States. The Africanized bee samples from Central and South America have high MDH-5 allele frequencies, but certainly not 100%. More importantly, if single worker bee samples are used for frequency analysis, allele frequencies of European bees show a broad range of variation. Even different colonies of European bees from the same apiary can have different MDH allele frequencies. A similar situation holds for hexokinase allele analysis. However, if both MDH and HK analysis are employed, and, most importantly, if they are used to define the queen genotypes of colonies, then these techniques can effectively provide an analysis of population changes during Africanization. Baseline data for bee populations across Texas, prior to Africanization, are being established. *** Local News *** The inhabitants of one village were very dissatisfied with the quality of the local drinking water. After years of fruitless complaints to the local authorities, the villagers chipped in, got enough money together to pay for a test and sent a sample of the water to a laboratory for testing. A few weeks later they got the result of the test. It said: "Your horse has diabetes." *** New Subscriber List *** The list of original subscribers is contained in Volume 1 Number 1. Send any changes or additions to the editor. 1. Ralph A. Bram, USDA, ARS, NPS, BARC-West, Bldg. 005, Rm. 213, Beltsville, MD 20705, Phone (301) 504-5771, FAX (301) 504-5467, E-mail ?? Administrate honey bee and pollination research. 2. Dewey M. Caron, Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717-1303, Phone (302) 831-2526, FAX (302) 292-3651, E-mail ?? I would like to keep up with the field. 3. Howell V. Daly, Department of Entomological Sciences, 201 Wellman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Phone (510) 642-9018, FAX (510) 642-7428, E-mail ?? Morphometrics of honey bees; identification of Africanized and European honey bees; geographic variation; comparisons with molecular techniques. 4. George C. Eickwort, Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-0999, Phone (607) 255-2096, FAX (607) 255-0939, E-mail ?? DNA fingerprinting in primitively social colonies of sweat bees; molecular approaches to phylogeny of Apoidea. 5. Eric H. Erickson, USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, Phone (602) 670-6380, FAX (602) 670-6493, E-mail ?? Honey bee biology and crop pollination including the development and use of molecular technologies in problem solving. 6. Joe M. Graham, American Bee Journal, 51 South Second Street, Hamilton, IL 62341, Phone (217) 847-3324, FAX (217) 847-3660, E-mail ?? I would like to keep up with the field. 7. G. Barrie Kitto, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, Phone (512) 471-3279, FAX (512) 471-8696, E-mail ?? Rapid immunoassays for Africanized honey bees; population genetics of honey bees using isozymes. 8. Pekka Pamilo, Department of Genetics, Box 7003, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, Phone (011-46) 18-671303, FAX (011-46) 18-672705, E-mail ?? Evolutionary genetics of social insects. 9. Michael Prentice, Department of Entomology, 218 Wellman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Phone (510) 642-1842, FAX (510) 526-5201, E- mail ?? Phylogenetics of Aculeata, especially sphecid wasps and bees using molecular and morphological characters. 10. Justin O. Schmidt, USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, AZ 85719, Phone (602) 670-6380, FAX (602) 670-6493, E-mail ?? Genetics of venom peptides and proteins; bee genome mapping. 11. Tom Seeley, Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, Mudd Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, Phone (607) 255-6574, FAX (607) 255-8088, E-mail TDS@CORNELLA Mechanisms and functional design of honey bee social behavior. 12. Steve Taber, Goudous, 82370 Villebrumier, France, Phone (011-33) 63-68-05- 59, FAX ??, E-mail ?? Genetic and microbiological approach to developing honey bees resistant to chalkbrood. 13. Virginia K. Walker, Department of Biology, QueenUs University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada, Phone (613) 545-6123, FAX (613) 545-6806, E-mail WALKERVK@QUCDN Gene transfer and molecular genetics of insecticide resistance and stress response (heat, desiccation, frost) in Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera. The Honey Bee Molecular Genetics Newsletter is published quarterly to facilitate communication and collaboration among those using molecular genetic techniques on honey bees. The Newsletter is free, and interested scientists can become subscribers by sending the editor your name, address, phone number, FAX number, E-mail address and a 20 word description of your research interests. *** New Science *** About 6-7 years ago, I was in a philosophy class and the teaching assistant was explaining Descartes. He was trying to show how things don't always happen the way we think they will and explained that, while a pen always falls when you drop it on Earth, it would just float away if you let go of it on the Moon. My jaw dropped a little. I blurted "What!" Looking around the room,I saw that only my friend Mark and one other student looked confused by the TA's statement. The other people just looked at me like "What's your problem?" "But a pen would fall if you dropped it on the Moon, just more slowly." I protested. "No it wouldn't." the TA explained calmly, "because you're too far away from the Earth's gravity." Think. Think. Aha! "You saw the APOLLO astronauts walking around on the Moon, didn't you?" I countered, "why didn't they float away?" "Because they were wearing heavy boots." he responded, as if this made perfect sense (remember, this is a Philosophy TA who's had plenty of logic classes). By then I realized that we were living in totally different worlds, and did not speak each otherUs language, so I gave up. As we left the room, Mark was raging. "How can all those people be so stupid?" I tried to be understanding. "They knew this stuff at one time, but it's not part of their basic view of the world, so they've forgotten it. Most people could probably make the same mistake." To prove my point, we went back to my room and began randomly selecting names from the campus phone book. We called about 30 people and asked this question: If you're standing on the Moon holding a pen, and you let go, will it a) float away, b) float where it is, or c) fall to the ground? About 47 percent got this question correct. Of the ones who got it wrong, we asked the obvious follow-up question: You've seen films of the APOLLO astronauts walking on the Moon, why didn't they fall off? About 20 percent of the people changed their answer to the first question when they heard this one. But the most amazing part was that about half confidently answered, "Because they were wearing heavy boots." ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 May 1992 11:05:33 MST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Winifred Doane Subject: Bottom board of hive Can someone give me advice about whether or not the bottom board of a hive shou ld be painted on the inside surface? I have not observed this being done in Ar izona but I'm told it is the rule to do so. The books I've checked don't expli citly deal with the subject, but photographs sometimes show the inner surface o f the bottom board as unpainted, although it is hard to be sure. I have not pa inted the bottom boards of my own hives. Should I? ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 May 1992 14:35:02 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Aaron Morris Subject: Painted Bottom Boards? To paint or not to paint? That is the question! Some books I have read insist that no surface that comes into direct contact with the bees shall be painted. This is the practice I followed for over a decade and paid the price of bottom boards that did not stand up to the elements and needed to be replaced after four or five years use. Reasons mentioned in the books were mainly due to the bees' aversion to painted surfaces (especially oil based paints). A few years back, I had a problem with foul brood. After I purged by fire, the State Bee Inspector (who also had 25 years of commercial beekeeping under his belt) suggested that after I scorched the inside of the hive bodies, that I give them a quick coat of paint. I mentioned the conflict between his advice and what I had read, to which he responded "Poppycock!" or some other quaint colloquialism, and assured me that with sufficient air-out time the inside painted surfaces would be fine. I have since encountered inside painted surfaces with many years of habitation by bees with no ill effect. So, the short of it is go ahead, paint away. Again, allow sufficient time for your bottom board(s) to air out and avoid oil based paints as they smell more offensively and take longer to air out. In this day and age it bewilders me why anyone would forsake latex for oil base anyway. ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 May 1992 13:41:20 EST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Tom Fisher Subject: Re: Bottom board of hive In-Reply-To: <9205201818.AA22817@fieldofdreams.npirs.purdue.edu>; from "Winifred Doane" at May 20, 92 11:05 am > > Can someone give me advice about whether or not the bottom board of a hive shou > ld be painted on the inside surface? I have not observed this being done in Ar > izona but I'm told it is the rule to do so. The books I've checked don't expli > citly deal with the subject, but photographs sometimes show the inner surface o > f the bottom board as unpainted, although it is hard to be sure. I have not pa > inted the bottom boards of my own hives. Should I? > The books I read said to paint all surfaces (inside & out). Then I talked to an Entomologist who happens to teach beekeeping. He said not to paint the inside surfaces at all. I chose to NOT paint any of my inside surfaces and, so far (after 1 year), my colony seems to be thriving. ==================================================================== Tom Fisher | "...if by chance we find each tfisher@ceris.purdue.edu | other, it is beautiful. If not, Phone (317) 494-6616 | it can't be helped." - F. Perls ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 May 1992 15:42:08 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Doug Cutler Subject: Re: Painted Bottom Boards? In-Reply-To: Message of Wed, 20 May 1992 14:35:02 EDT from For the last 12 or so years I have varnished (the SPAR/UV resistant type) all my hive parts. I usually let them dry out in the sun for at least a month before putting them anywhere near the bees. Probably because it impregnates the wood I dont loose much if any when I set to work to scrape the propolis off. Doug. Cutler Office of Information Technology, VM Systems Programmer University of North Carolina. ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 20 May 1992 22:08:00 LCL Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Kerry Clark Subject: Re: Painted Bottom Boards? As an alternative to paint for hive wooden parts, a dip in melted parafin wax is sometimes used in New Zealand. I haven't done it myself, but I've seen boxes about 5 years old that had been dipped when new, and never painted. The wood surface darkens, but apparently isn't subject to rot. Anyone with a more enthusiastic recommendation? ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 21 May 1992 11:27:32 MST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Winifred Doane Subject: Painting bottom boards Thanks for all the helpful hints I received from BEE-Liners! ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 29 May 1992 10:22:34 EDT Reply-To: ENTOMO-L DISCUSSION LIST Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology Comments: Resent-From: Peter Kevan Comments: Originally-From: Peter Kevan From: Peter Kevan Subject: Bumblebeequest Volume 2 Number 1 ----------------------------Original message---------------------------- The newsletter about bumblebees has released its second issue. If you wish to get a copy or subscribe or both, please write to Dr. D. Fairey, Agriculture Canada, Box 29, Beaverlodge, Alberta, Canada, T0H 0C0. Subscription is $20.00 CAD sendable to Daphne Fairey and made out to BOMBUS. Cheers, Peter ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 29 May 1992 16:56:00 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jeffri H Frontz +1 614 860 2797 Subject: Alternative extraction methods Does anyone know of any alternatives to the centrifuge-like extractors? I only have one hive and would rather not have to pay $200+ for an extractor. Has anyone ever heard of using a very cool oven to warm the honey enough to get it to drip out of the comb? Thanks, Jeff --- Jeff Frontz Work: +1 614 860 2797 AT&T-Bell Labs (CB 0A-119) Cornet: 353-2797 att!jeff.frontz jeff.frontz@att.com Home: +1 614 924 2205 ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 29 May 1992 17:06:00 EST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: BATSON@FRMNVAX1.BITNET Subject: Re: Alternative extraction methods Like Jeff Frontz, I'd like to hear what folks have to say about extraction. I'm new at it, not necessarily into beekeeping for the honey, and thus find extraction somewhat more of a nuisance than a reward. I hear it's OK to lay out wedding trane (nylon mesh used for bridal veils) in a big bucket, squeeze and break up the capped comb onto the mesh, then wrap it all up into a ball, hang it up over the bucket in a warm room and let it drip (and strain) for a day or so....sounds like a mess to me. John Batson BATSON@FRMNVAX1 ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 29 May 1992 16:23:36 EST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Tom Fisher Subject: Re: Alternative extraction methods In-Reply-To: <9205292100.AA02053@fieldofdreams.npirs.purdue.edu>; from "Jeffri H Frontz +1 614 860 2797" at May 29, 92 4:56 pm > > Does anyone know of any alternatives to the centrifuge-like > extractors? I only have one hive and would rather not have > to pay $200+ for an extractor. > > Has anyone ever heard of using a very cool oven to warm the > honey enough to get it to drip out of the comb? > The best way I have found is to use a micro-wave oven. Use a high setting and melt the whole thing (comb and honey) in a micro-wave bowl. Then, let the bowl cool down to room temperature (takes a few hours). The wax will collect and solidify on top. Then, just poke a hole in the wax and pour the honey out. Sure beats anything else I've ever tried. ==================================================================== Tom Fisher | "...if by chance we find each tfisher@ceris.purdue.edu | other, it is beautiful. If not, Phone (317) 494-6616 | it can't be helped." - F. Perls ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 30 May 1992 12:07:00 PST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: KIRK VISSCHER Subject: extraction without centrifugation. The problem of how to extract honey without the investment in a centrifugal extractor is a common one for the beekeeper with only a few hives. I can o\ offer a few suggestions. 1) Find another beekeeper who has an extractor and work out an arrangement to have him/her extract your honey. Arrangements of this type I have known of varied from a charge of 8 cents per pound, plus the wax, to 50% of the crop. Since extracting is a big, messy job, another sideliner with the equipment might be well pleased to just have you work together with him/her, doing both of your combs. There might also be possibilities of buying equipment jointly with other beekeepers. 2) produce only comb honey, either section comb, or more realistically, cut comb honey. For most large scale beekeepers comb honey production is too labor intensive for its returns, leaving a market niche for the small producer. Section comb honey requires good honey flows to produce a good product, and so it is not so well suited to all areas, or as the use all the surplus the bees produce. Comb honey is no longer the familiar product it once was, so marketing much of it may take some looking. 3) crush and drain combs. This works, but I wouldn't want to do it on a scale larger than one colony, and it is quite wasteful both of honey which remains in the crushed combs and the bees' efforts producing wax, and yours preparing frames with foundation. 4) heating wax and honey is VERY bad for the quality of the honey. Honey which has been heated sufficiently to melt wax is likely to be detectably burned (sugars caramelized), and even if not, the flavor is adversely affected, and enzymes etc in the honey are denatured to the point that it is unacceptable to those who believe in special health values of honey, or markets in Europe. Those are pretty much the options, and, as you see, the dialemma remains. I think number 1 is the best alternative, if you cannot justify the investment in an extractor, and maybe even if you can, since the cheapest extractors are much less efficient, and the mess made extracting is fairly daunting. For those who take up beekeeping to watch bees not to sell honey, nearly any arrangement that gets them back their combs empty and in good condition may be advantageous (that is more or less my position as a bee researcher, where our fairly abundant honey crops get in my way more than anything). ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 31 May 1992 16:00:32 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Christi Richardson <6500HMS@UCSBUXA.BITNET> Subject: Macintosh users Hello. This is an announcement for all of you who use Macintosh computers. It has appeared before, but it is NOT an "ad." The History and Macintosh Society is a non-profit, academic group. Please don't consider this junk mail. The History and Macintosh Society (HMS) is an international user group for academics using Macintosh equipment in the research, writing, and teaching. HMS's purpose is to provide information and advice to Macintosh users of all skills levels, particularly beginning and middle-level users, on computer concerns to members of the academic world, such as word processing, note compilation, database creation and management, and desktop publishing. "History" is very broadly defined. Our members represent all disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences, and many members from the physical and biological sciences as well. HMS distributes a quarterly newsletter accompanied by a disk of shareware, with an emphasis on those programs designed for educational and scholarly use. The group is Apple-registered, which insures continued support, receipt of system updates, news, and shareware. Members are encouraged to share shareware with HMS, write articles and reviews for the quarterly newsletter, and form HMS subgroups in their own areas. Dues are $15 per year. Foreign members pay no extra for air mail, but please submit dues in US funds. For further information, request an electronic copy of the most recent newsletter from this electronic address (6500hms@ucsbuxa.bitnet or 6500hms@ucsbuxa.ucsb.edu). To join, please send your dues to: HMS 734 Elkus Walk #201 Goleta, CA 93117-4151 USA The HMS founder, Joe Coohill, may be reached at 2120jtc@ucsbuxa.bitnet or 2120jtc@ucsbuxa.ucsb.edu. He may also be contacted during the day (US Pacific time) at gd03jtc@ucsbvm.bitnet. ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 31 May 1992 23:43:26 GMT+0000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: SPEAR@KELVIN.JPL.NASA.GOV Subject: RE: extraction without centrifugation. you can also *rent* extraction equipment...richard spear@jpl.nasakelvin.jpl.nasa.gov