From LISTSERV@UACSC2.ALBANY.EDU Sun Oct 2 14:58:15 1994 Date: Sun, 2 Oct 1994 16:46:30 -0400 From: BITNET list server at ALBNYVM1 To: Allen Dick Subject: File: "BEE-L LOG9305" ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 3 May 1993 10:10:34 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Carolyn Peppin Subject: unsubscribe please unsubscribe me from the BEE-L mailing list. I am going on vacation, and the volume of mail will be too great for our mail directory. thank you. ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 3 May 1993 15:02:17 GMT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Dr. M. Giurfa" Subject: Re: UV orientation In-Reply-To: <199304301735.AA26044@mail.cs.tu-berlin.de>; from "Tomas Landete Castillejos" at Apr 30, 93 6:09 pm Berlin, 3.5.93 . . UV-Orientation: . There is certainly a spectral pattern in the sky which depends on the angular distance to the sun. As the radiant intensity of scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of wavelenght, the relative in- tensity of short wavelenght radiation is higher in scattered skylight than in direct sunlight. The opposite is valid for longer wavelenghts (this sounds terrific!). . To put it simply, if one imagines the sky over an observer, it should be represented like a dome. In this dome, longer wavelenghts will be around the solar spot whereas shorter wavelenghts will be mainly in the antisolar meridian of the sky (the half part of the dome opposed to the sun). . But what does mean "shorter" and "longer" wavelenghts for the bees' eye? After the comments on this topic that we got, we know that bees can see colours, from UV (the shortest wavelenght they can see) until green (the longer wavelenght they can see). In other words, with a little bit from imagination, the sky dome should appear to the bees like an UV dome with a green sun. To prove that this is not only a Sci-Fi exercise, people like Samuel Rossel (Freiburg, Germany) and Ruediger Wehner (Zurich, Switzerland) raised the question of the use of spectral patterns in the orientation stra- tegies of honeybees. . They asked, for example, whether UV as a colour is used in a particu- lar orientation strategy. They trained bees to a known food source and then they recorded the dances of the foragers once in the hive. Bees danced on an horizontal surface and were covered by a plexiglass dome (they could not see neither the sky nor the sun through it). A hole was opened in the dome and a spot of UV light was offered there. Dances were recorded and deviations of the correct direction to the food source measured. It was promptly demons- trated that bees can actually use UV as an orientation cue but in a BROAD WAY and not in a fine way (as wrongly suggested by a previous mail): BEES INTERPRETED AN UV SPOT AS LYING ANYWHERE WITHIN THE ANTISOLAR HALF OF THE SKY. That means that, when bees see an UV patch, "they know" that they are looking in the antisolar half of the sky. With the same kind of experiments, it was demonstrated that ANY GREEN SPOT is taken for the sun and dances are reoriented accordingly. . To summarize it, spectral information can be used in a broad orien- tation strategy. A green spot represents the sun whereas an UV spot repre- sents a patch lying anywhere within the half of the sky opposed to the sun. . If somebody wants to read more about this, I would recommend "The bee's celestial compass" from Ruediger Wehner, in "Experimental behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology"(Hoelldobler & Lindauer eds), G Fischer, 1985. . Finally, a personal request. I think that contributions to the net based on popular beliefs or some kind of mystical knowledge do not help but simply add to a great confusion. So, I would like to have comments based on scientific literature and on replicated experiments. I hope that this does not sound aggressive. I only believe that this is the way in which all the people can really benefit from the net. . Cheers, . . Martin Giurfa . Institute fur Neurobiologie Freie Universitaet Berlin Koenigin-Luise-Str. 28/30 1000 BERLIN 33 - GERMANY . GIURFA@SONNE.ZEDAT.FU-BERLIN.DE . . ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 3 May 1993 11:47:49 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Rick Hough Subject: folklore vs. data Martin Giurfa writes: > Finally, a personal request. I think that contributions to the net >based on popular beliefs or some kind of mystical knowledge do not help but >simply add to a great confusion. So, I would like to have comments based on >scientific literature and on replicated experiments. I hope that this does >not sound aggressive. I only believe that this is the way in which all the >people can really benefit from the net. >. > Cheers, >. >. > Martin Giurfa > Caution: (Somewhat) Opinionated response following: It seems to me that there are two fairly distinct groups of people on this list - the academic/scientific folks, and the beekeepers (many of whom are "hobby" beekeepers) - I think the true benefit of BEE-L is the opportunity for these two groups to talk to each other. Yes, there is a significant benefit for the scientific community as a result of the colaboration that occurs here, and I, as a beekeeper, enjoy being on the sidelines watching that colaboration happen, and absorbing the parts of the discussion that I understand. On the other hand, I find it very useful to learn what other beekeers have learned "in the field", which leads me to the "folklore" part of this. There is a great deal of mis-information out in the world, and I find BEE-L to be a good place to ask questions about folklore, and trying to explain in more scientific terms why certain things seem to work in the apiary - basically to improve my understanding of bees by discussing things that don't seem to make sense on the surface. There are a lot of people that read BEE-L that are much smarter and more experienced than I am, and I would like the continued opportunity to ask questions of you all, so that I can become more informed. I fear that by restricting BEE-L to only items from scientific literature and replicated experiments, we will miss out on the opportunity to learn more about "applied beekeeping", not to be confused with the scientific understanding of honeybees. Well - enough of this - I think you understnad whawhat I'm trying to say..... One final comment - it *IS* important to differentiate between folklore and scientific facts, so it would be good for folks to clearly state *OPINIONS* and folklore as such, and those stating facts continue to provide the citations, thus making it clear what is "scientifically provable" Thanks for listening! Rick Hough, a beekeeper from Hamilton, MA, USA (a bit NE of Boston) ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 3 May 1993 10:15:18 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Teri Rhan {FMO} Subject: Help! In-Reply-To: <9305031549.AA26146@mx1.cac.washington.edu> My husband and I have split up, beekeeping was his hobby though I paid for all the equipment, they're here at my house, he's nowhere to be found. Could someone give me a real quick and dirty synopsis of what I need to do to care for these? I have 4 hives and I have grown rather fond of their presence in the garden. I noticed that the sugar water ran out yesterday, (first sunny day in a week) so I tried to refill the containers last night not knowing what proportion of sugar to water but faking it best I can. I don't want to loose these hives and plan on hitting the bookstore in a day or 2 but in the meantime I would appreciate any beekeeping lessons. Thanks Teri ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 3 May 1993 13:33:57 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: cp@UPLOW.UUCP Subject: UV, green spots, Scilla, and polarization . . . From: plowright@csi.uottawa.ca Dear Bee-Liners: At the risk of resurrecting a myth, I must comment that in my youth I was always taught that the POLARIZATION of light in the sky was a major factor in enabling honeybees to navigate. Yet in the discussion of wavelengths, etc. etc., I haven't noticed that polarization has been mentioned . . . is this because it is no longer thought to be important? On the subject of Scilla siberica (I always used to spell it "Scylla", to rhyme with Charybdis, but it is pleasant to be corrected), somebody asked whether this plant (which, by the way, is just the Siberian Squill, and not Grape Hyacinth, Henbit, the English Bluebell, or even Jewelweed!) is an important bee-plant of the early spring. Yes, indeed: in Toronto, the first bumblebees of the spring are usually to be found on Scilla--and yes, it DOES produce blue pollen and is almost certainly the source of Ed Southwick's query . . . As I write this, Scilla is in full bloom here in the "Nation's Capital" (Ottawa), and we have already seen Bombus bimaculatus and B. terricola foraging on them--as well as some honeybees. Best regards, Chris Plowright. -- Chris Plowright - via the University of Ottawa Return addresses: via INTERNET: plowright@csi.uottawa.ca via UUCP : ...uunet!mitel!cunews!csi2!uplow!chris ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 3 May 1993 13:09:02 EST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Tom Fisher Subject: Re: Help! In-Reply-To: <9305031725.AA01740@fieldofdreams.npirs.purdue.edu>; from "Teri Rhan {FMO}" at May 3, 93 10:15 am > > My husband and I have split up, beekeeping was his hobby though I paid for > all the equipment, they're here at my house, he's nowhere to be found. > Could someone give me a real quick and dirty synopsis of what I need to do > to care for these? I have 4 hives and I have grown rather fond of their > presence in the garden. I noticed that the sugar water ran out yesterday, > (first sunny day in a week) so I tried to refill the containers last night > not knowing what proportion of sugar to water but faking it best I can. Just mix some sugar water using a 1 to 1 ratio i.e., 1 quart of granulated sugar to 1 quart of water. Actually, you shouldn't have to do this (feed the bees) much longer. By this time of spring, there is probably plenty of natural flowers and blossoms for the bees to feed on. Tom Fisher | "The light that burns twice as bright Purdue University | burns half as long....and you have tfisher@ceris.purdue.edu | burned so very, very brightly, Roy." - Eldon Tyrell ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 3 May 1993 14:15:00 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: JOHN HARBO Subject: Amer. Bee Research Conference The 8th American Bee Research Conference will be held in Rudder Hall on the campus of Texas A&M University in College Station Texas. Meeting dates are Monday and Tuesday, Septemeber 27 and 28, 1993. Presentations of research are restricted to unpublished research involving the genus Apis. Abstracts of the proceedings of the conference will be published about 2 months later in the December issue of the American Bee Journal. For more information contact John Harbo, Honey Bee Breeding Lab., 1157 Ben Hur Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA. Tele. 504 766-6064, E mail JHARBO@ASRR.ARSUSDA.GOV. or FAX 504 389-0383. The main purpose of these meetings is to provide an opportunity for scientists to present their current work to those present as well as to a worldwide audience via the American Bee Journal. A second objective is to get to know other apiculturists in an informal social setting as well as in a structure of scientific presentation and discussion. For those arriving on Saturday, there is an informal buffet. Sunday will have the annual meeting of the AAPA (American Association of Professional Apiculturists), optional field trips, and of course more food. Paper presentations will be Monday (8 - 5) and Tuesday until about 1PM. ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 3 May 1993 11:08:30 PST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Dave Pehling Organization: WSU CAHE USER Subject: Re: miticide In-Reply-To: Message of Tue, 27 Apr 1993 09:09:44 -0400 from Hi Stephen, In response to your note of 27 April, I do use wooden nest blocks for Osmia but they can not be opened to clean out infested cells. I have heard of the treatments using Amitraz and Fluvalinate for honeybee mites and may try these materials in the future. At this time, the Osmia are in full nesting mode and seem to be using treated and untreated blocks about equally. While cleaning out some of last years unopened cells I noted quite a bit of what I suspect is chalkbrood. I have heard of some experiments using Benlate to cure this in honeybee colonies but have never tried it as my one chalkbrood hive produces at least as well as my un-infected hives. Any comments? Finally, thanks to everyone for the interesting discussions on this line! I'm really enjoying "listening in". Cheers! Dave Pehling, WSU Cooperative Extension Washington State CE6431@WSUVM1.CSC.WSU.EDU ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 3 May 1993 14:08:00 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Kerry Clark 784-2225 fax (604) 784 2299" Subject: Syrup My rule of thumb for small quantities of spring sugar syrup (the books say use 1:1 sugar:water) is: fill the jar you're going to use for the syrup, 75 to 80 % full of sugar. Then run your hot tap til it's hot and add to the sugar. You'll have to stop and stir a few times, but eventually, add water til the jar is full. Make sure the suagar is dissolved before you up-end the jar, or the undissolved sugar may settle on the holes and plug them. If you are going to add Terramycin to the syrup, wait til the syrup cools. This is not the same syrup to add in fall, for winter stores. Then, put 85 to 90% of the jar full of dry sygar, add hot water, etc (it takes more stirring to dissolve this mix) good luck ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 3 May 1993 21:02:29 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Adam Finkelstein Subject: Re: folklore vs. data In-Reply-To: from "Rick Hough" at May 3, 93 11:47:49 am I agree with the astute observation that beekeepers and bee scientist can and should and do talk to each other-that is the beauty of this wonderful form of communication. I am an apiary inspector in Virginia. Half my job is devoted to disease prevention/eradication, but the other half is to learn and disseminate information to my clients-the beekeepers in my region Now, a commercial beekeeper in the Shenandoah Valley is not as interested in the physics of orientation, yet that same person knows a large amount of things about bees and their behavior that most researchers could not learn or would want to learn. Point in fact, let the forum be open, and we can all benefit. If something is not to your liking or interest then delete it. Adam Finkelstein Apiary Inspector VDACS 116 Reservoir St. Harrisonburg, VA 22801 703-433-1006 adamf@virginia.edu ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 4 May 1993 12:29:57 EST Reply-To: Harald.E.Esch.1@nd.edu Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Harald E. Esch" Subject: Re: UV orientation In Message Mon, 3 May 1993 15:02:17 GMT, "Dr. M. Giurfa" writes: >Berlin, 3.5.93 >.. >.. >UV-Orientation: >.. > There is certainly a spectral pattern in the sky which depends on the >angular distance to the sun. As the radiant intensity of scattered light >is inversely proportional to the fourth power of wavelenght, the relative in- >tensity of short wavelenght radiation is higher in scattered skylight than >in direct sunlight. The opposite is valid for longer wavelenghts (this >sounds terrific!). >.. > To put it simply, if one imagines the sky over an observer, it should >be represented like a dome. In this dome, longer wavelenghts will be around >the solar spot whereas shorter wavelenghts will be mainly in the antisolar >meridian of the sky (the half part of the dome opposed to the sun). >.. > But what does mean "shorter" and "longer" wavelenghts for the bees' >eye? After the comments on this topic that we got, we know that bees can see >colours, from UV (the shortest wavelenght they can see) until green (the >longer wavelenght they can see). In other words, with a little bit from >imagination, the sky dome should appear to the bees like an UV dome with a >green sun. To prove that this is not only a Sci-Fi exercise, people like >Samuel Rossel (Freiburg, Germany) and Ruediger Wehner (Zurich, Switzerland) >raised the question of the use of spectral patterns in the orientation stra- >tegies of honeybees. >.. > They asked, for example, whether UV as a colour is used in a particu- >lar orientation strategy. They trained bees to a known food source and then >they recorded the dances of the foragers once in the hive. Bees danced >on an horizontal surface and were covered by a plexiglass dome (they could not >see neither the sky nor the sun through it). A hole was opened in the dome and >a spot of UV light was offered there. Dances were recorded and deviations of >the correct direction to the food source measured. It was promptly demons- >trated that bees can actually use UV as an orientation cue but in a BROAD >WAY and not in a fine way (as wrongly suggested by a previous mail): BEES >INTERPRETED AN UV SPOT AS LYING ANYWHERE WITHIN THE ANTISOLAR HALF OF >THE SKY. That means that, when bees see an UV patch, "they know" that they >are looking in the antisolar half of the sky. With the same kind of >experiments, it was demonstrated that ANY GREEN SPOT is taken for the sun >and dances are reoriented accordingly. >.. > To summarize it, spectral information can be used in a broad orien- >tation strategy. A green spot represents the sun whereas an UV spot repre- >sents a patch lying anywhere within the half of the sky opposed to the sun. >.. > If somebody wants to read more about this, I would recommend "The >bee's celestial compass" from Ruediger Wehner, in "Experimental behavioural >Ecology and Sociobiology"(Hoelldobler & Lindauer eds), G Fischer, 1985. >.. > Finally, a personal request. I think that contributions to the net >based on popular beliefs or some kind of mystical knowledge do not help but >simply add to a great confusion. So, I would like to have comments based on >scientific literature and on replicated experiments. I hope that this does >not sound aggressive. I only believe that this is the way in which all the >people can really benefit from the net. >.. > Cheers, >.. >.. > Martin Giurfa >.. > Institute fur Neurobiologie > Freie Universitaet Berlin > Koenigin-Luise-Str. 28/30 > 1000 BERLIN 33 - GERMANY >.. > GIURFA@SONNE.ZEDAT.FU-BERLIN.DE >.. >..Very good suggestion ! Harald Esch Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Harald E. Esch ("Harald.E.Esch.1@nd.edu") Professor, Dept. Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556 Phone: (219) 631-7025 FAX: (219) 631-7413 Dept. Office: (219) 631-7186 =-=-=-==-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 4 May 1993 14:31:00 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Kerry Clark 784-2225 fax (604) 784 2299" Subject: OSMIA chalkbrood Anyone out there know which species of chalkbrood attacks Osmia? or is the material just mould on the pollen. If not, here is a contact for someone who might know, or might be interested in getting some samples to find out. He has worked extensively on the moulds, yeasts and bacteria of leafcutter bee nesting material. Also on the use of paraformaldehyde as a nest fumigant. sorry I don't have a high tech address for him. D. W. Goerzen Saskatchewan Alfalfa Seed Producers Association 107 Science Crescent Saskatoon, SK CANADA S7N 0X2 good luck Kerry Clark, Apiculture Specialist B.C. Ministry of Agriculture 1201 103 Ave Dawson Creek B.C. V1G 4J2 CANADA Tel (604) 784-2225 fax (604) 784-2299 INTERNET KCLARK@GALAXY.GOV.BC.CA ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 4 May 1993 17:24:12 EST Reply-To: John.E.Burns.3@nd.edu Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "John E. Burns" Subject: Bee tags needed! I am looking for a U. S. distributor (if one exists) of the numbered and colored bee tags (Opalith-Plattchen). If anyone knows of a way that I can get these tags or some other type of bee tags quickly I would appreciate a source or a phone number so that I can get some. If not, I could use the address to get myself some from Opalith-Plattchen, I know it was posted some time last year but I lost the print out. Thank you. John Burns =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= John E. Burns Graduate Student, Dept. Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556 Phone: (219) 631-4164 FAX: (219) 631-7413 Dept. Office: (219) 631-7186 =-=-=-==-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 5 May 1993 15:21:59 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Mike Crocco Subject: thanks To multiple recipinents of Bee-l Thank you to all who have helped me in my research project.It was fairly decent and it could have been accomplished without the contributions of peo- ple who are also on this list.I have to go but again thanks for the help. Mike Crocco stk1708@vax003.stockton.edu ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 5 May 1993 13:16:27 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Paul Chi-Jen Cheng Subject: lehua honeyu? Hi, Does anyone know the taxonomic name for Hawaiian lehua? I have some creamy lehua honey and would like to know the genus and species of the flower. Thanks, Paul -- Paul C. Cheng pccheng@ucdavis.edu "The French find my music Dept. of Entomology pccheng@ucdavis.BITNET beyond their powers of per- Univ. of California, Davis pccheng!ucdavis formance." L. van Beethoven &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Droles de gens que ces gens-la! &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 5 May 1993 17:37:33 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: John Batson Subject: Re: lehua honeyu? I think the genus and species is Ohia lehua, which is a tree with beautiful red flowers, historically polinated by some of the honeycreepers. I've seen some honeybees on some ohia flowers, but don't have any idea if it's feasible to make a crop of honey from this flower only. There are so many flowers in Hawaii it's hard to imagine how you could restrict bees to ohia. Anybody else know anything? ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 6 May 1993 13:31:23 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Lawrence Harder Subject: Ohia lehua My understanding is that ohia lehua is the complete Hawaiian name for Metrosideros polymorpha. Hope this helps, Lawrence Harder ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 7 May 1993 14:08:26 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jane Beckman Subject: black bees? I saw this exchange in rec.gardens on the net, and found myself wondering. (I pointed out that carpenter bees are solitary, to the best of my knowledge, but these sound more like something bumblebee-ish. Hairy, black, and colonial.) I'd be interested to learn what these might be, as this is a new one on me. (I've tried to sooth the fears of both Bob and the original poster that these are no "dangerous" killer bees. I don't understand why so many people freak out over the mere concept of bees in the area!) included posting: _________________ > Many carpenter bees appear to have colonized the bannister next > to our front door (the only entrance to our condo). Are these large hairy black bees? If so, I think I have a similar problem. A small colony has set up shop in a shelf in my greenhouse. They have two round entrances to their hive(?) on the bottom of the shelf. They seem to like nectar-producing plants, and often come home covered with pollen. I can hear them gnawing new passages in the shelf, and they've made quite a pile of redwood dust. They seem to be careful about not making extraneous openings, which is remarkable since the shelf is barely thicker than their door. At first I tried putting a glass jar over the one opening they seemed to prefer, and after a day or so had three comatose bees in the bottom of the jar. They seem to be back, however. I suspect if I persisted in the jar trapping, I would eventually get them all, but I've been ignoring them for a couple of weeks. Are these bees dangerous? How much of the shelf can I expect them to remove? Bob From: jewett@hpl-opus.hpl.hp.com (Bob Jewett) Subject: Re: Help! Carpenter Bees! ------------------------------------------------ ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 8 May 1993 07:00:12 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Adam Finkelstein Subject: Floral Source For Bitter Spring Honey In-Reply-To: from "Tom Fisher" at Apr 28, 93 01:13:04 pm Hello. In the mid Atlantic area (Virginia) there seems to be some nectar yielding plant that produces a light, bitter honey. People have told me that this was nectar from Ailanthus spp. but that plant has not bloomed in this area yet. The observable plants foraged in chronological order have been: Maple, mints, Dandelion, Redbud, Mustards(wild crucifers as well as cultivated ones.) The bitter honey seems to fit the Redbud forage window. Does Redbud produce bitter nectar? Is this bitter nectar from some wild flower? Does anybody know? Thanks, Adam VDACS 116 Reservoir St. Harrisonburg, VA 22801 703-433-1006 adamf@virginia.edu ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 8 May 1993 17:21:00 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: di5 Subject: Re: Floral Source For Bitter Spring Honey In-Reply-To: <9305081101.AA16795@umailsrv0.UMD.EDU> A beekeeper friend of mine says that redbud honey he tasted was some of the worst he's ever had, but doesn't recall that it was particularly bitter. David Inouye, di5@umail.umd.edu ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 8 May 1993 20:40:38 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology Comments: A VAX cluster with VMS V5.5, PMDF V4.1-10, JNET V3.5 & UCX V1.3A From: SANFORD MOSS Organization: University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA, USA Subject: Re: Floral Source For Bitter Spring Honey It probably is a tad early for this in Virginia, but here in coastal Massachusetts, American holly (Ilex) produces a bitter honey, with the bloom beginning about June 16. Sanford Moss smoss@umassd.edu ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 10 May 1993 13:52:21 +1000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Vince Constable Subject: Re: Painting hives? VINCE CONSTABLE ROCKHAMPTON ,QUEENSLAND AUSTRALIA I HAVE ABOUT 100 HIVES AND I USE SILVER FROST ROOF PAINT AND THIS STANDS UP OK IN THE TROPICAL HEAT AVERAGE 35 C. THE SILVER DOES NOT STAND OUT AS MUCH AS WHITE HIVES DO. ALSO IN CASE OF FIRE THE SILVER DOES NOT SEEM TO BURN AS READILY. GOOD LUCK VINCE CONSTABLE ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 10 May 1993 14:01:54 +1000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Vince Constable Subject: Re: Painting hives? VINCE CONSTABLE ROCKHAMPTON ,QUEENSLAND AUSTRALIA SOME BEE KEEPERS IN THIS COUNTRY USE PINE BOXES DIPPED IN WAX BEFORE ASSEMBLY THEN NAIL TOGETHER,WITH GOOD LIFE EXPECTANCY,BUT THEY WOULD BURN WELL IN A FIRE SITUATION. REGARDS VINCE CONSTABLE ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 10 May 1993 08:32:26 EST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology Comments: W: TO field duplicated. Last occurrence was retained. From: Tom Fisher Subject: Re: Painting hives? In-Reply-To: <9305100350.AA15398@fieldofdreams.npirs.purdue.edu>; from "Vince Constable" at May 10, 93 1:52 pm I have had good luck painting the outsides and edges with a good quality white latex paint. I leave the insides alone - the bees do a good job of covering that surface with propolis. Tom Fisher | "The light that burns twice as bright Purdue University | burns half as long....and you have tfisher@ceris.purdue.edu | burned so very, very brightly, Roy." - Eldon Tyrell ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 10 May 1993 08:56:03 PST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Dave Pehling Organization: WSU CAHE USER Subject: Re: Floral Source For Bitter Spring Honey In-Reply-To: Message of Sat, 8 May 1993 17:21:00 EDT from The literature claims that dandelion also yeilds a bad tasting honey. I know that the plant itself is very bitter but don't know if the honey is. Dave Pehling WSU Coop. Extension CE6431@WSUVM1.CSC.WSU.EDU ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 10 May 1993 09:08:55 PST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Dave Pehling Organization: WSU CAHE USER Subject: Re: black bees? In-Reply-To: Message of Fri, 7 May 1993 14:08:26 PDT from In regards to Jane's comment on solitary Carpenter bees.... At least a few species of the genus Xylocapa have the habit of nesting together. Essig, in "Insects of Western North America" (now out of print) says that Xylocapa varipuncta makes burrows that are 5-12 inches long that may or may not be straight but which follow the grain of the wood. Several burrows may have a common entrance. In large numbers, carpenter bees can be damaging to building timbers and telephone poles. A very interesting critter, none the less. Dave Pehling WSU Coop. Extension CE6431@WSUVM1.CSC.WSU.EDU ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 10 May 1993 10:02:41 -0700 Reply-To: Teri Rhan {FMO} Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Teri Rhan {FMO} Subject: Re: Help! In-Reply-To: I want to thank all who responded to my plea for help. This weekend I visited the "local" bee supply store in Snohomish county quite a distance away and spent an hour with the owner who was a former employee of Silver Bow and now has his own store. I purchased honey supers for the 2 new hive bodies with package bees, painted them with some leftover acrylic latex exterior paint (greenish white) then commenced to "suit up" and opened them for the first time to set the newly painted second story chambers. They appeared to be full to the brim with bees. There are two other hives that are well established but one of these I'm a little concerned about. At night, there seems to be 25-50 bees outside of the hive sitting on the "doorstep" of the hive. It was suggested that there may be too many bees in this hive and a swarm is emminent. So a local expert is going to come and check it out. Comments welcomed and I'm grateful this mailing list exists! Thanks again Teri P.S. I've ordered First Lessons in Beekeeping, and Hive and the Honeybee On Mon, 3 May 1993, Teri Rhan {FMO} wrote: > My husband and I have split up, beekeeping was his hobby though I paid for > all the equipment, they're here at my house, he's nowhere to be found. > Could someone give me a real quick and dirty synopsis of what I need to do > to care for these? I have 4 hives and I have grown rather fond of their > presence in the garden. I noticed that the sugar water ran out yesterday, > (first sunny day in a week) so I tried to refill the containers last night > not knowing what proportion of sugar to water but faking it best I can. I > don't want to loose these hives and plan on hitting the bookstore in a day > or 2 but in the meantime I would appreciate any beekeeping lessons. > > Thanks > Teri ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 10 May 1993 10:42:20 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jane Beckman Subject: Re: black bees? Thanks for the insights. It hadn't hit me that they might be using a communal entrance, as I'm more familiar with the single-burrow, territorial, variety of carpenter bee. The diversity of these little guys never ceases to amaze me. Jane Beckman [jane@swdc.stratus.com] ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 10 May 1993 13:31:34 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: WESTENDORF Subject: Queens I'm new to beekeeping and I was informed from an experienced beekeeper that I need to examine my hive (once a week) and destroy any cells that are being created into queens or drones. Is this true? If so, how can I tell. Also, for a new hive, how much honey should I get from it in an average year. I am also taking the wax. I have a regualr hive with a queen excluder and a small super on top. How often will the bees fill it up? Is there any problems on taking the top super off and removing the honey. Someone told me that if I did this the bees would get confused because they would have no where to put the honey. Do I wait until it is totally full before I remove the honey? Thanks Mary ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 10 May 1993 18:19:00 NER.P Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Malcolm (Tom) Sanford, Florida Extension Apiculturist" Subject: MAY ISSUE OF APIS FILENAME: MAYAPIS.93 Florida Extension Beekeeping Newsletter Apis--Apicultural Information and Issues (ISSN 0889-3764) Volume 11, Number 5, May 1993 RESTRICTIONS ON THE RISE? Two disturbing bits of news recently came my way. As reported in the Tara Beekeepers Newsletter, south Metro Atlanta, Gwinnett County recently upheld its ordinance restricting beekeeping to agriculturally zoned areas. This happened despite attempts by Dr. Keith Delaplane of the University of Georgia and others who met with the County Planning Commission to explain why this wasn't necessarily a good idea. The Commission was given a copy of the Texas Model City Beekeeping Ordinance, and several arguments for keeping bees in urban areas were advanced, including the fact that this would limit competition from wild colonies of African bees. The decision to ignore the advice and evidence was unanimous. I also received a call from a lawyer hired by a local planning commission in Florida to help with a case brought by a beekeeper. The beekeeper is suing for "unreasonable" restrictions which are adversely affecting his occupation. The powers that be are now enforcing an old ordinance restricting beekeeping altogether in the community, depriving the beekeeper of income. The history appears to be one where urbanites have moved into an area where the beekeeper had been operating for a long time. The lawyer wanted an expert witness who would explain to the court why such an ordinance was appropriate. He didn't find one here. But that isn't stopping him from arguing to uphold the restriction. There will undoubtedly be more of these kinds of scenarios in the future. Beekeepers must be prepared at any moment to go before county commissions or judges and plead a case for the continuation of beekeeping in both urban and rural areas. As an aid to those who find themselves in this situation, I have published ENY 115, Good Neighbor Guidelines and Ordinances. It should be available from any County Extension Office via the Gainesville VAX or IFAS CD-ROM Disk 7. I will mail out a copy on request as well. SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING As I pointed out last month, the tracheal mite problem continues to vex beekeepers. It is expensive to treat bee colonies with chemicals to control mites; such applications are not always effective and their use hinders the search for genetic resistance. For these and other reasons, chemicals should be applied only when a certain infestation level is reached. Unfortunately, a uniform procedure has yet to be developed to determine treatable levels. Into this fray come several investigators at Pennsylvania State University. They have published a detailed bulletin (#871) entitled "A Sequential Sampling Scheme for Detecting the Presence of Tracheal Mite (Acarapis woodi) Infestations in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.)." This publication, according to the authors, gives information on how to classify tracheal mite infestation levels in individual colonies resulting in considerable savings in time, labor and expense. It is available free from Maryann Tomasko, Department of Entomology, Penn State University, 501 ASI Bldg., University Park, PA 16802, ph 814/865-4621. FOCUS ON VARROA Volume sixteen of Experimental and Applied Acarology (No. 4), December 15, 1992 is a full issue devoted to the Varroa bee mite. In an effort to distribute the latest information on the biology of this dangerous bee parasite, the editor, Dr. J. Beetsma, has compiled this special volume. A group of Italian investigators reported how quickly colonies treated for Varroa can be reinfested. This confirms thoughts I expressed in the March APIS that these mites are really a beekeeper community problem. In "Reinfestation of an Acaricide-Treated Apiary by Varroa jacobsoni Oud.," the authors detail experiments showing a small reinfestation in the spring, rising dramatically in the fall when nectar was scarce. Drone excluders did not limit mite importation into the colony and it appeared that robbing infested colonies was a prime source of mites. The conclusions of the study are: (1) treatments should be carried out at the same time in all colonies by all beekeepers in a given area; (2) treatments should not be carried out too early, since risk of reinfestation is maximal in the end of the season; (3) products with long-lasting action could be introduced twice, thirty days at the end of summer (so unparasitized winter bees develop) and for fifteen days before bees cease activity for the winter; (4) since feral colonies are perhaps the main source of reinfestation, effective swarm control would be a useful technique to reduce reinfestation. In a caveat at the end, the authors suggest reinfestation rates should be examined in other geographic areas. In "Lack of Allozyme Variability Among Varroa Mite Populations," A. Biasiolo, also from Italy, found that mites from different parts of the world were very similar in genetic makeup and there was little evidence that different species exist. However, the paper suggested this might be the result of introductions of the same population over the globe. Samples collected only in Europe and China were compared. Mention is made that South American mites are somewhat, though not very, different. The author also suggests the variability might be small because of the mite's closed breeding system within the bee colony. A group of investigators from the Netherlands reported the number of mites found in worker versus drone cells. In "Differential Periods of Varroa Mite Invasion into Worker and Drone Cells of Honey Bees" the mites' apparent preference for drone brood was reconfirmed, but, the authors conclude, other mechanisms may be determining whether mites invade drone or worker cells. Mites invaded cells only when the larva covered the cell bottom and the more worker brood cells present, the higher the rate of invasion. In "Observations on the Initiation and Stimulation of Oviposition of the Varroa mite," authors from the Netherlands found that in order to successfully lay eggs, females need access to adult bees. Neither contact with juvenile hormone nor larval food provoked egg laying. German researchers in "Grooming Behaviour of Apis cerana, Apis mellifera and Apis dorsata and its Effect on the Parasitic Mites Varroa jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps clarea" reconfirmed conclusions from other studies that cerana worker bees have a more intensive and effective grooming response for Varroa mites. However, these researchers were unable to replicate full grooming by cerana on mellifera workers as reported in other research. In addition, the effect of the grooming by mellifera was only to remove mites, not to catch and destroy them. There is a body of evidence suggesting adult mellifera worker bees uncap and remove mite-infested larvae. Two German researchers in "The Removal Response of Apis mellifera L. Colonies to Brood in Wax and Plastic Cells After Artificial and Natural Infestation with Varroa jacobsoni Oud. and to Freeze-killed Brood," attempted to find the specific signals by which bees detect affected larvae. They were unable to do so, but did show that there was better infested larval removal from plastic comb ("Jenter"- and ANP-Comb) than from wax comb. They also compared removal of freeze-killed brood with that of Varroa infested brood and found a positive correlation, indicating that the standard test for "hygienic behavior" using freeze-killed brood could also be used to measure mite resistance. Researchers at the University of Florida reported a comparison of honey bee and mite skins (cuticles). In "Cuticular Hydrocarbons from Varroa jacsobsoni," evidence was found that mites appear to mimic the individual bee they are on. Thus, mites found on worker pupae had the same skin makeup as the pupae; those found on adult workers and drones which are different from each other also "looked like" their hosts. The authors speculate that one reason for this is to prevent bees from detecting mites, in essence helping them become integrated into honey bee colony life. Drones could be a key to breeding for Varroa resistance, according to German authors of "Selection of Resistance Against Varroa jacobsoni Across Caste and Sex in the Honeybee (Apis mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Because honey bees with a short post-capping stage (faster larval development) are partially resistant to Varroa and drones have large variation in this trait, selecting for rapidly-developing drones is possible. Using drones would also avoid some usual selection problems encountered in honey bees. Another generation of workers would not have to be reared to see if the short post capping trait actually shows up as is necessary when selecting queens. QUALITY HONEY Securing the best quality and quantity honey possible is the goal of every honey producer. The field is not without ideas and filled with some controversy. Major considerations have been when to remove honey from the colony and management technique to ensure the bees make the most and best sweet possible. In a recent article, "Effects of Frequency of Honey Removal and Empty Comb Space on Honey Quantity and Quality," Bee Science, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 187-192, a Canadian team led by Dr. Tibor Szabo examined several scenarios based on previous statements in the literature. The authors specifically examined differing views about whether frequent honey removal increases/decreases final production, the amount of honey that should be capped before removal and the concept that more empty comb space stimulates final production. Thirty-six overwintered colonies were used in the study; 18 had one-year-old queens, the others were headed by two-year-olds. Three honey removal treatments (four, two, and one times) and three regimes of supering (adding five, ten and 11-15 supers!). In total nine treatments were replicated four times. During the honey flow, the "abandon method" was used. Supers were simply taken off and stacked on end; the bees abandoned them and no robbing was apparent. At the end of the flow, a bee blower was used. All supers were individually weighed to determine production and three combs of honey per colony were taken at random to determine quality based on diastase number and moisture content. The results of the study indicated that frequency of honey removal and age of the queen significantly influenced production. Colonies with two honey removals produced more honey (312.6 lb) than those with either one or four removals (233.2 and 255.6 lb, respectively). Colonies with one-year-old queens yielded more honey (309.7 lb) than those headed by two-year-old queens (224.6 lb). The number of empty supers applied had little influence on honey production. When honey was taken off four times, there was little if any of the comb capped. About half the cells were capped with two removals; all was capped with one removal. Moisture content was significantly affected by the number of supers provided and the frequency of honey removal. It was highest in colonies with five supers and four honey removals (19.0%); lowest with 12 supers and two removals (16.7%). The highest diastase numbers as expected, were for single honey removal; the lowest with four removals. The authors conclude that too frequent honey removal decreases quality. Moisture content was acceptable with two removals, but not with four. In addition, extra comb space is needed to ripen the crop adequately. Although honey can be "artificially" dried in hot rooms, the authors contend that quality is diminished because enzyme count is low and there is an increase in hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The latter number is routinely considered an indication of how much honey is heated and therefore degraded. Where moisture content is a problem in temperate and subtropical areas, the authors recommend adding more supers than normal (perhaps six to seven, for example, instead of five) and removing honey twice for maximum quality and quantity. Finally, they discuss the importance of a young queen, but are not necessarily in agreement, in spite of their results, that one-year- olds are far more productive than two-year-olds. Two fact sheets available from this office address in detail quality, standards and moisture in honey. They are Hint for the Hive #129, "Honey Judging and Standards," and Hint for the Hive #130, "Moisture in Honey." APIMONDIA MEETS IN CHINA The 33rd International Apicultural Congress is scheduled to meet in Beijing, China September 20-26, 1993. I am in receipt of the second circular which contains all the details. The theme is the honey bee and human health. For thousands of years, Chinese medicine has used various forms of natural therapies to treat diseases. It seems only natural, therefore, that apitherapy should be the focus of this meeting. If you would like more information on this conference, contact me for a registration form. Several tours are being offered as part of the Apimondia meeting. Perhaps most relevant, however, is the chance to travel with this country's best known apitherapist, Mr. Charles Mraz. He and colleagues of the American Apitherapy Society, Inc. are planning a trip through the Citizen Ambassador Program which is scheduled to visit Chinese clinics and physicians practicing apitherapy, as well as Dr. Fang Zhu's International Conference on Apitherapy, Bee-Acupuncture and Healthcare in Nanjing. The trip is scheduled from September 19 through October 2. For details, contact Mr. Michael Rennaker, phone 509/534-0430. Sincerely, Malcolm T. Sanford Bldg 970, Box 110620 University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 Phone (904) 392-1801, Ext. 143 FAX: 904-392-0190 BITNET Address: MTS@IFASGNV INTERNET Address: MTS@GNV.IFAS.UFL.EDU ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 11 May 1993 10:09:00 +0000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jean-Marie Van Dyck Subject: Re: Painting hives? Tom says > the bees do a good job of covering that (inside) surface with propolis I'm thinking it is a more regular (and not too hard) job to paint yourself the insides with a solution of propolis (in methanol or ethanol) : the bees seems to neglect the bottom edges needing the more of painting ... Regards Jean-Marie -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 11 May 1993 12:23:06 +0000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jean-Marie Van Dyck Subject: Re: Queens Mary says > I'm new to beekeeping and I was informed from an experienced > beekeeper that I need to examine my hive (once a week) and > destroy any cells that are being created into queens or > drones. Is this true? If so, how can I tell. Also, > for a new hive, how much honey should I get from it in an > average year. I am also taking the wax. I have a regualr > hive with a queen excluder and a small super on top. How > often will the bees fill it up? Is there any problems on > taking the top super off and removing the honey. Someone > told me that if I did this the bees would get confused > because they would have no where to put the honey. Do I > wait until it is totally full before I remove the honey? > Thanks This small text suggest a lot of questions and answers you can find in a good beekeeping book ... To resume ... 1/ " ... created into queens " in presence of the queen -> to destroy otherwise you'll get a swarm in absence of the queen : swarming or lost (dead or kill) -> don't destroy, but do observe closely the hatching, etc... 2/ " ... created into drones " don't worry about them (the bees need a few in the nest : in Europ, some are using a system to control them but it not the subjet here) but do replace one or two frames each year (you'll take the wax) and choose the most drones combs. 3/ " how much honey ...? " the answer this question is another question ... " how many flowers in your country ? flowers to do honey flow(s) ? Some flowers give a lot of nectar, some give nothing. The weather is important (generally the better is wet AND hot). => In your account, don't forget the plaisure seeing and doing with bees. 4/ " taking the top super off ..." o Normally there is no problem on taking the super off because you are doing this when the honey flow is finished. o It seems to me a good idea to have a second super you put in place of that you are taking. o It is even also a good idea, if the honey flow is not finished, to put the second super (to make place for the nectar) below the first before to remove them. Regards ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jean-Marie Van Dyck Fax +32 81 72 42 72 B.P. 102 email : jmvandyck@cc.fundp.ac.be B-5000 NAMUR(Belgium) Medical school - Biochemistry dept ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 11 May 1993 09:13:39 PST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Dave Pehling Organization: WSU CAHE USER Subject: Re: Queens In-Reply-To: Message of Mon, 10 May 1993 13:31:34 -0600 from Mary, I'll give you my 2-bits worth about your questions. I've been a hobby bee-keeper for 15 years but there are a lot of variables in bee-keeping others will have different opinions. 1. Checking for queens - This is usually not necessary if you re-queen every year and give the bees plenty of room. However, some people like to check every 7-10 days during the swarming season. Swarm cell are ALMOST always made on the bottom bars of the top brood body (2 deeps are usually used for brood rearing here in Washington State). Just loosen the brood body and tip it up on end to examin the bottom bars. You have to look sharp 'cause sometimes the bees hide a swarm cell near the end bars. Taking each frame out for examination is much too labor intensive and upsets the bees. (Many keepers believe that honey production is decreased every time you open a hive). By the way, the queen cells are easy to identify, being shaped somewhat like a peanut and hanging downward. 2. Honey production - This depends on where you are, temperatures through the year, flowers available and many other variables. Your note says that you are taking the wax - this will decrease your production as it takes something like 5 (?) pounds of honey to make 1 pound of wax. In my area, I get 50 to 100 pounds of honey per hive and 4 to 5 deep supers are needed to hold all those bees & honey. I usually harvest the entire crop in September. If you try to get by with just your brood bodies and a shallow super, your bees will almost certainly try to swarm. I strongly suggest you get a copy of "First Lessons in Beekeeping" by Dadant. You can also check with your local Cooperative Extension office for bee info. and it's always a good idea to join a beekeeper's association - most areas have at least one and your Extension office may be able to track one down for you. Good luck & enjoy your bees! Dave Pehling, WSU Cooperative Extension CE6431@WSUVM1.CSC.WSU.EDU ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 12 May 1993 01:56:22 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Michael Moroney Subject: How much room will a 3lb colony need this year? I started 2 3 pound packages 2 weeks ago. Could someone give me an estimate how many "boxes" I'll need from now until winter, assuming a "good" year? They're both in a single hive body each, and I figure they'll each need another hive body and a honey super. I want to be sure I give them enough room but don't want to overdo it yet. Thanks, -Mike ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 12 May 1993 07:26:17 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Aaron Morris Subject: Beekeepers advice, not biology Michael Moroney queries: > ... Could someone give me an > estimate how many "boxes" I'll need from now until winter, assuming a > "good" year?.... How much room depends on a number of things (your geographic location, climate, feeding, etc.). If you continue feeding your bees regularly, they will need room sooner than if you let them fend for themselves. Regular feeding will require a second hive body in 6 to 8 weeks. If you continue feeding after you add the second hive body you will need honey super(s) 4 to 6 weeks after that. This also depends on the kind of forage season your area is having. If it's good (nice days with no drought like conditions, nice enough to have plenty of forage days, but not so nice that vegetation dries out) then your hive will build up quickly and you MAY need two honey supers. For the first year, starting from a package, you don't want to take too much honey from your bees. Your goal should be to get them established rather than expecting copious yields. In my area (Upstate New York), I aim for a single super harvest from a first year package, and this usually requires continuous feeding until the second hive body is occupied and nearly completely drawn. Time-wise this is usually 8 to 10 weeks after I start the package, which is usually a couple of weeks into the early summer honey flow (clovers and such). This leaves the tail end of the summer flow and all of the fall flow for the bees to produce the harvest honey. Again, your goal in the first year should be to get your bees established, not maximum honey harvest (taking too much the first summer can lead to starvation during the first winter). Be patient and go for the flow next year! Finally, the best advice anyone can offer is to find and join a local beekeepers association. The advice you will get will be from beekeepers familiar with your area and will be more valuable than the information you will get from the literature or this list. Check with your local cooperative extension for information on a beekeepers association near you. Good luck! ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 12 May 1993 09:29:48 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Malcolm (Tom) Sanford, Florida Extension Apiculturist" Subject: Information on mangos? Date: 11 May 1993 16:32:54 -0700 (PDT) From: anand@whiskey.nsc.com (Anand J. Bariya) Subject: Mango honey To: mts@gnv.ifas.ufl.edu Message-id: <9305112332.AA09565@whiskey.nsc.com> Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT >Hi Tom, >As an extension apiculturist in Florida, would you know anything about >mango as a honey source? I would like to know how the nectar flow is, and >what the season is. Also, if you know of any literature on mango as a source >of honey, could you let me know? >Thanks. > Anand Anybody out there who can help this person...please let me know as well.. Tom Sanford ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Tom Sanford Extension Apiculturist University of Florida Mailing Address: Bldg 970, Hull Rd., Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 Voice phone 904/392-1801, Ext. 143 FAX 904/392-0190 INTERNET: MTS@GNV.IFAS.UFL.EDU BITNET: MTS@IFASGNV +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 12 May 1993 12:02:28 CDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Fernando Subject: Re: Information on mangos? In-Reply-To: Message of Wed, 12 May 1993 09:29:48 -0500 from If I rememger well, at least in Brazil, mango trees are not good sources of nectar for honey bees. When fruit ripening coincides with food scarcity periods, however, honeybee do collect juice from fruits that have been open by other insects on the trees or on the ground. Fernando ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 12 May 1993 13:07:51 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Danilo Organization: The American University Subject: Re: Information on mangos? In-Reply-To: Message of Wed, 12 May 1993 12:02:28 CDT from On Wed, 12 May 1993 12:02:28 CDT Fernando said: >If I rememger well, at least in Brazil, mango trees are not good sources >of nectar for honey bees. When fruit ripening coincides with food scarcity >periods, however, honeybee do collect juice from fruits that have been >open by other insects on the trees or on the ground. > Fernando I agree with Fernando. As a beekeeper in Brasil I have never seen honeybees visiting mango trees despite the large number of flowers those trees produce. Danilo Fonseca ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 12 May 1993 16:13:10 EDT Reply-To: alufml@fnma.COM Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Francois-Michel Lang Subject: request for info I'm interested in information about beekeeping. I realize this probably isn't the mainstream of this mailing list (which I'm not on), but any information on the subject would be appreciated for an amateur-apiarist friend of mine. Many thanks, ------------------------------------------------------------------ Francois-Michel Lang (202) 752-6067 FAX: (202) 752-4530 alufml@fnma.com ............. Fannie Mae; Asset/Liability Strategy lang@linc.cis.upenn.edu ..... Dept of Comp & Info Science, U of PA ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 13 May 1993 05:00:17 -0400 Reply-To: MunnPA@cardiff.ac.uk Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Dr Pamela Munn Subject: Re: mango honey |--------------------------------------------------| | Message from: Dr Pamela Munn, IBRA | |--------------------------------------------------| | To:B-line | | Date: 13 May 1993 | | MESSAGE FOLLOWS: Re: the question on mango According to The Directory of Important World Honey Sources (IBRA (1984) Crane, Walker and day), mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a major nectar source in Haiti, India, Jamaica and Venezuela. Nectar secretion is reduced by cold and drought. Juice from damaged fruit may be collected by bees and flavours the honey. Bees are reported to forage on leaves (either for honeydew or ?extrafloral nectar). Honey flow: honey yield moderate, 23 kg per colony per season. Honey is reddish amber, may be very dark. Flavour is described as "interesting". |--------------------------------------------------| | Please reply to: Pamela Munn (please say if | | your message is for someone else at IBRA) | |--------------------------------------------------| | E- mail : MUNNPA@CARDIFF.AC.UK | | Tel : (+44) (0)222 372 409 | | Fax : (+44) (0)222 66 55 22 | |--------------------------------------------------| | Snail-mail address: International Bee Research | | Association, 18 North Road | | Cardiff, CF1 3DY, UK | |----------------------------------------------------- | ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 13 May 1993 21:32:00 +1200 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Nick Wallingford Subject: Mango honey...x Tonga also had large numbers of trees with many flowers, but it was not a real source - can't ever remember seeing bees on them at all. ------------------------------------- Nick Wallingford Bay of Plenty Polytechnic National Beekeepers Assn of NZ (Tauranga, North Island, New Zealand) Internet nickw@waikato.ac.nz --------------------------------------- Posted: 13 May 1993 9:25PM NZ time ----------------------------------- ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 13 May 1993 11:08:13 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "La Reine de la Cite' des Phoques (Liz Day)" Subject: varroa Does Varroa affect Bombus and other native bees, or just honeybees?? Liz Day University of Illinois at Chicago day@eecs.uic.edu Incidentally, there was an article today on the front page of the chicago Tribune on varroa. Not much info - just said it had recently become bad in Illinois, had killed off a lot of hives, and that that was bad. Some quotes from worried apple growers. ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 13 May 1993 12:14:52 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Ray Lackey Organization: Hazeltine Corp Subject: Re: request for info Send your friend to a public library. A good book is "The Hive and the Honeybee" published by Dadant & Sons. You can get their address from the book and write for a catalog of their equipment. They also publish the "American Bee Journal" magazine. The county Agriculture Cooperative agent should know if there is a local beekeeping organization and of an agriculture college in the state which would offer short courses. I know that there is a bee program near you at Doylstown college and they offer short courses. The University of Guelph (sp) in Ontario Canada offers a set of videos and correspondance courses. There is also the Eastern Apiculture Society (EAS) which is a regional organization for Northeastern United States which meets once a year in August. I'm not sure of this year's meeting location but the Pensylvania State Beekeepers are represented. So in summary: read everything you can get your hands on... join all the associations you have the time to attend in your area... take all the short courses you can afford... talk to all of the experienced people you can... and then remember that the bees don't read the same books... don't attend the same meetings... don't take the same courses... don't acknowledge any experts.. and that almost all of the bees are females and thus reserve the right to change their minds so keep your eyes open and make your own observations! ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + Raymond J. Lackey + + Beekeeper 10 years with 25 colonies on Long Island + + INTERNET: lackeyr@drone.hazeltine.com + + Mail: 1260 Walnut Avenue, Bohemia NY 11617 + + Home Phone: 516-567-1936 FAX: 516-262-8053 + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 13 May 1993 13:21:08 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Rick Hough Subject: EAS meeting This year's EAS meeting will be in Maine - University of Maine at Orono if my memory serves me correctly. Unfortunately, I don't recall the exact dates. If sufficient interest is expressed, I can easily research it and post further details..... To Ray Lackey: I liked your summary!!! Rick Hough, a beekeeper in Hamilton, MA (just NE of Boston) ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 13 May 1993 11:54:36 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Adrian Wenner Subject: Re: request for info In-Reply-To: <9305131651.AA12477@lifesci.lscf.ucsb.edu>; from "Ray Lackey" at May 13, 93 12:14 pm 5/13/93 / 1135 I liked your summary, too, Ray. For many years I taught a course, "The Nature of Biological Research." A major recurring theme was, "trust' Nature more than theory." Eventually we worked out the "Ten Principles of Scientific Research." If you would like a copy, I can send you one. Last week on this network we were advised to be cautious about information unless it had appeared in a referred journal first. I found that spending a couple of weeks with an experienced beekeeper each summer provided much valuable insight that simply doesn't appear in books or journal articles. And sometimes "myths" appear in scientific journals. One of the more dramatic ones was the idea that flies could travel 880 mph. That notion lasted for more than a decade. (The best part of that notion was that the adult flies didn't feed.) In fact, I used that example in a review article I published a couple of years ago, as follows: Wenner, A.M. 1989. Concept-centered vs organism-centered biology. American Zoologist. 29:1177-1197. Hundreds requested reprints of that article. Anyhow, thanks again for your summary. Adrian M. Wenner Prof. of Nat. History, Emeritus Adrian M. Wenner Prof. of Natural History, Emeritus Dept. of Biol. Sciences wenner@lifesci.ucsb.edu Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara Phone: (805) 893-2838 Santa Barbara, CA 93106 FAX: (805) 893-8062 > > Send your friend to a public library. A good book is > "The Hive and the Honeybee" published by Dadant & Sons. > You can get their address from the book and write for a > catalog of their equipment. They also publish the "American > Bee Journal" magazine. The county Agriculture Cooperative > agent should know if there is a local beekeeping organization > and of an agriculture college in the state which would offer short > courses. I know that there is a bee program near you at > Doylstown college and they offer short courses. The University > of Guelph (sp) in Ontario Canada offers a set of videos and > correspondance courses. There is also the Eastern Apiculture > Society (EAS) which is a regional organization for Northeastern > United States which meets once a year in August. I'm not sure > of this year's meeting location but the Pensylvania State Beekeepers > are represented. So in summary: > read everything you can get your hands on... > join all the associations you have the time to attend in your area... > take all the short courses you can afford... > talk to all of the experienced people you can... > and then remember that the bees > don't read the same books... > don't attend the same meetings... > don't take the same courses... > don't acknowledge any experts.. > and that almost all of the bees are females > and thus reserve the right to change their minds > so keep your eyes open > and make your own observations! > ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++ > ++++++++++++ > + Raymond J. Lackey + > + Beekeeper 10 years with 25 colonies on Long Island + > + INTERNET: lackeyr@drone.hazeltine.com + > + Mail: 1260 Walnut Avenue, Bohemia NY 11617 + > + Home Phone: 516-567-1936 FAX: 516-262-8053 + > ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ > ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 13 May 1993 23:19:53 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Paul Chi-Jen Cheng Subject: USENET, anyone? Hi all, Our USENET server here at Davis has recently started adding bitnet listserver groups as newsgroups. There seems to be quite a bit of work to do before bee-l can be added, and one is the survey of current subscriber opinions. So, what does everyone think? My opinion? I think bee-l would reach a lot more people since more people scan through newsgroups than listserver group listings. There will be more postings and more discussions. And one can follow a discussion thread much more easily. This also will allow one to free up one's e-mailbox. You don't log on to face >50 messages because all mail will be "posted" on a local server and everyone at that institution can just read the postings. I should have contacted the sysadmin. of bee-l, but I don't have the person's name or address right now. Could anyone give this info to me? Thanks. Paul -- Paul C. Cheng (pccheng@ucdavis.edu) "The French find my music beyond Department of Entomology, UC Davis their powers of performance." (916) 752-0333 (lab) - L. van Beethoven &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Droles de gens que ces gens-la! &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 13 May 1993 23:22:50 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Paul Chi-Jen Cheng Subject: USENET supporting info... Hi again, Here's some supporting info. Please delete immediately if you are not interested in USENET. Paul ---- >From @AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU:JIM@AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU Thu May 13 13:52:41 1993 Received: from ucdavis.ucdavis.edu by bullwinkle.ucdavis.edu (4.1/UCD2.04) id AA03794; Thu, 13 May 93 13:52:40 PDT Received: from auvm.american.edu by ucdavis.ucdavis.edu (5.61/UCD2.04) id AA20622; Thu, 13 May 93 13:18:52 -0700 Message-Id: <9305132018.AA20622@ucdavis.ucdavis.edu> Received: from AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU by AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU (IBM VM SMTP V2R2) with BSMTP id 1953; Thu, 13 May 93 16:15:12 EDT Received: from american.edu (NJE origin JIM@AUVM) by AUVM.AMERICAN.EDU (LMail V1.1d/1.7f) with BSMTP id 2280; Thu, 13 May 1993 16:15:12 -0400 Date: Thu, 13 May 93 16:13:59 EDT From: Jim McIntosh Organization: The American University Subject: Re: listserver request To: Dave In-Reply-To: Your message of Thu, 6 May 93 22:50:43 -0700 Status: RO On Thu, 6 May 93 22:50:43 -0700 you said: > I have had a request for the follwoing groups. bee-l (from >uacsc2.albany.edu) and entomo-l (from uguelph.ca) > > Do you knwo if they exist as bit. groups? If they do not, >could they possibly be created? They do not exist, but could easily be created. Someone else, though, will have to do the legwork getting the necessary permissions. I do not have the time. The procedure to follow is below. Jim McIntosh (jim@american.edu) The American University Washington DC 20016-8019 USA --------------8<---------------(cut here)---------------8<--------------- Archive-name: bit/policy Last-modified: 17 September 1992 ******************************************************** *** General Information on Listserv/Netnews gateways *** ******************************************************** This document gives general information on bi-directional (or optionally uni-directional) gateways between Listserv and Netnews as implemented in Netnews version 2.4 by Linda Littleton at Penn State University. It includes guidelines on how to establish a new Listserv/Netnews gateway. *** What is Listserv? Listserv, which stands for List Server, is a mail list server that runs on VM/CMS. It provides "mail-exploding" capabilities so that people with a common interest can communicate with each other by sending mail to a particular address (one address per Listserv list), which then redistributes the mail to each person "subscribed" to the list. Each person subscribed to a particular list gets a copy of each piece of mail in their mailbox. *** What is Netnews? Netnews is a bulletin board system in which articles on a variety of topics are arranged in "newsgroups" and stored in a shared location from which individual users can read them. These newsgroups can be local newsgroups, available only at a user's site, or may be shared with other sites to form a world-wide bulletin board system called Usenet. *** What does the gateway do? The gateway software (which is a built-in part of the VM/CMS Netnews server from Penn State) puts each piece of Listserv mail for a particular list into a corresponding Netnews newsgroup and also sends each Netnews-originating posting to the newsgroup back to the Listserv list. On a per-group basis, the gateway can be either bi-directional or can be uni-directional in either direction. Generally Listserv groups on Netnews are given the name bit.listserv.. When appropriate, the items in a Listserv list might also be cross-posted to a "mainstream" Usenet group. *** Why have a gateway? The major reason sites decide to carry gatewayed Listserv lists is so their users can read these lists via shared disks, rather than requiring each user to receive each item to their mailbox. In addition, the gateway gives greater exposure and wider readership to the list since the list can be now be read by users at hundreds of Usenet sites. *** The gateway can be LOCAL or GLOBAL On a per-group basis, the gateway can be either LOCAL (only users on the machine where Netnews is running will see the Listserv items) or GLOBAL (the Listserv items will propagate to other Usenet sites). To avoid problems that can be caused by multiple sites gatewaying the same group, we request that only a handful of sites set up global gateways and that other sites receive these groups through their normal news feeds. If you feel it would be appropriate for your site to be an additional global gateway site, then write to NEWS-ADM@AUVM.BITNET or news-admin@auvm.american.edu to explain the situation. ******************************* *** AN IMPORTANT PRECAUTION *** ******************************* It is important that no more than one site per list set up a GLOBAL gateway. If more than one site does a GLOBAL gateway for a particular list, the list may get duplicates of some articles. It is the list owner's responsibility to make sure there are not multiple global gateways for the list and to "signoff" any suspect gateway site should problems start to occur. No GLOBAL gateway should ever be established without the express permission of the list owner. In the event that two sites did set up a global gateway for the same list, here is what might happen. If a user anywhere on the net posted an article to the group via Netnews and the article found its way to both of the global gateway sites, both of these sites would forward the article back to the mailing list. The mailing list would therefore receive two copies and although Listserv will usually detect the duplicate posting, it will return one of the copies to the author with a message saying that the post was a duplicate. Since the author only posted once, this will cause them some confusion. Also, it is possible that both posts would be distributed to the list if software other than Listserv is controlling the mailing list. Netnews would not have a problem handling this (since it checks message-id's for duplicates), but it is the people who get the items in their mailboxes who would see two copies of the article. *** Gateway registration In order to avoid problems caused by multiple gateways, a "gateway registration service" is maintained by news-admin@auvm.american.edu, which keeps track of which site is doing global gateways for which which groups. A list of these global gateways, their corresponding Listserv lists and Usenet newsgroups, and the sites which are acting as global gateways is available from listserv@auvm.american.edu. Send the command GET NETGATE GATELIST to get a copy of all registered gateways. This file is also available via anonymous ftp from auvm.american.edu. *** Setting up the gateway. The gateway is set up by having the Netnews service machine subscribe to the Listserv list in the same way that a subscriber would, but with the addition of setting Listserv options FULLHDR (so that message-ids are put on messages) and NOFILES (so that non-mail files are not sent). *** Guidelines for establishing a Listserv/Netnews gateway. It is the responsibility of the person requesting the gateway to do the following: 1. Get the approval of the Listserv list owner(s) and the Listserv administrator at the host node. (Send a "REVIEW listname" command to the Listserv at the host node for the names and addresses of the list owner(s), and a "RELEASE" command to the same address for the Listserv administor's name and address.) Send them each a copy of this document. If the list owner or Listserv host administrator objects, the gateway is not done. 2. Get the approval of the Listserv list readers. This could be done somewhat informally by posting to the list and asking if there are objections. If the issue was controversial, a formal vote should be held according to the same guidelines as for creating a new Usenet group. If there was no major dissenting opinion a vote will not be needed. 3. If there is a Usenet group where crossposting would be logical, get the approval of the people who read that group (in the same way as approval of the Listserv readers was gotten). 4. Post to bit.admin to see if there are any objections. The subject of the posting should be "Gateway for under discussion". Explain briefly what the list is for. If you are proposing that the list be gated to something besides "bit.listserv.", this should be stated. Again, if there was no major dissenting opinion within seven days, a vote would not be needed; otherwise a vote would be held. Steps 2, 3, and 4 can all be done at the same time. 5. Write to news-admin@auvm.american.edu or NEWS-ADM@AUVM.BITNET to say that all of the criteria have been met. Indicate the gateway site (if you wish some site besides auvm.american.edu to be the gateway), Listserv list name, Listserv host node, list owner(s), and a short (45 character maximum) description of the list. News-admin will establish and/or register the gateway, and then post to bit.admin to say that the gateway is operational. The subject of the posting will be "Gateway for operational". If for some reason you cannot follow the steps outlined here (for example, if you do not get the bit groups, so cannot post to bit.admin), write to news-admin@auvm.american.edu to explain the situation. *** Where to address questions Questions about Listserv/Netnews gateways can be posted to bit.admin or sent to news-admin@auvm.american.edu or NEWS-ADM@AUVM.BITNET. ''' (o o) /----------------------------oOO--(_)--OOo------------------------------------\ | David Zavatson |Mein Schatz, es ist soweit. Unsere Liebe ist vorbei.| |dhzavatson@ucdavis.edu |Ich kann nicht von Dir gehen. Zwei Gefuehle bleiben | |UCD News Administrator | stehen: Liebe und Hass, sind sich doch so nah. -ECO| \-----------------------------------------------------------------------------/ ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 14 May 1993 10:34:51 -0800 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jeannine Armstrong Subject: BEEPOP INFO NEEDED I need information on the computer program BEEPOP. It was developed at the University of Montana, Missoula, Mont. It enables researchers to use honey bees as biological monitors. I would like to get in contact with Jerry J. Bromenshenk, Professor of Research Division of Biological Sciences at the University of Montana.Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated. -- Jeannine Armstrong 1101 Nipomo Ave Apt B Los Osos Ca 93402 (805)528-8629 ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 14 May 1993 11:24:32 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Winifred Doane Subject: Re: BEEPOP INFO NEEDED In-Reply-To: Message of Fri, 14 May 1993 10:34:51 -0800 from Dear Bee-liner, Gloria D. Hoffman was a co-developer of BEEPOP and gave me the program. H er address is: USDA/ARS, Carl Hayder Bee Research Lab, 2000 East Allen Rd., Tu cson, AZ 85719. Perhaps she can give you a copy of it. Winifred Doane ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 14 May 1993 13:33:19 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "La Reine de la Cite' des Phoques (Liz Day)" Subject: Re: USENET, anyone? Do we really want to become a newsgroup? People on the net post all kinds of garbage, sometimes. Liz Day University of Illinois at Chicago day@eecs.uic.edu ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 14 May 1993 13:38:21 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jane Beckman Subject: Re: USENET, anyone? >Do we really want to become a newsgroup? People on the net post all kinds >of garbage, sometimes. >Liz Day Excellent point. While there have been several inquiries (in rec.gardens and misc.rural) about a beekeeping newsgroup, the net *is* fraught with its own peril. If we do become a newsgroup expect someone's little brother to post something like "Yo, dudes, what's this group about, getting stung? Get a life!" on a periodic basis. (Based on experience with several newsgroups who have had this experience.) Also expect weekly flame wars from alarmists who think the "Killer Bees" are invading, and we're helping them. (Not to be confused with those who think there is a nest of Killer Bees in a hollow tree on their back acreage, and want to know how to kill them.) And periodic postings from members of crackpot types who think eating a diet of royal jelly will allow you to live forever. Oh yes, and the guy who posts "Alchemy in the Garden," about creating cold fusion in your compost pile to various usually- unrelated scientific newsgroups, on a regular basis. Remember, almost anyone can read and post to Usenet. And usually do. Jane Beckman [jane@swdc.stratus.com] ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 14 May 1993 16:56:30 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Malcolm (Tom) Sanford, Florida Extension Apiculturist" Subject: Re: BEEPOP INFO NEEDED PC BEEPOP is being upgraded...contact Dr. Bromenshenk at Bi_jjb@lewis.umt.edu ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Tom Sanford Extension Apiculturist University of Florida Mailing Address: Bldg 970, Hull Rd., Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 Voice phone 904/392-1801, Ext. 143 FAX 904/392-0190 INTERNET: MTS@GNV.IFAS.UFL.EDU BITNET: MTS@IFASGNV +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 14 May 1993 17:23:52 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Malcolm (Tom) Sanford, Florida Extension Apiculturist" Subject: Comment and question... I too am leery of the USENET thing...economies of scale seems to be a real issue here...how big does the list want to get and what does its growth mean...? Does anybody have a published reference to the impact of Apis mellifera introduction into the new world. A colleague would like to use this as a discussion topic in class...what impact on both native plants and native insects was generated by this introduction? There are several interesting questions/comments here; one is that the introduction is continuing with a wild population of Apis, the African bees...another is that here in Gainesville Florida a beekeeper has been given some notice that he might have to move off a preserve (Paines Prairie) because his honey bees are not natural and are upsetting the natural ecosystem of the preserve....the preserve of course has all kinds of unnatural organims including a small herd of Bison... ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Tom Sanford Extension Apiculturist University of Florida Mailing Address: Bldg 970, Hull Rd., Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 Voice phone 904/392-1801, Ext. 143 FAX 904/392-0190 INTERNET: MTS@GNV.IFAS.UFL.EDU BITNET: MTS@IFASGNV +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 14 May 1993 22:41:10 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Paul Chi-Jen Cheng Subject: USENET... Hello all, Well, it appears that USENET registration is not such a hot idea after all. Thanks to all of you who responded. Paul --- Paul C. Cheng (pccheng@ucdavis.edu) "The French find my music Department of Entomology, UC Davis beyond their powers of per- (916) 752-0333 formance." L. van Beethoven &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Droles de gens que ces gens-la! &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 15 May 1993 11:54:12 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: stephen j clark Subject: Re: Comment and question... I really dislike USENET. Among other things, the USENET server here is extremely slow and unfriendly and they only store submissions for three to four days. Steve Clark Vassar College ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 15 May 1993 20:09:31 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Michael Moroney Subject: Re: USENET anybody? I think a good idea is to gateway this maillist to the usenet rather than eliminating this group and starting a usenet group. That way those who prefer reading this list via usenet can, and thjose who prefer the existing maillist can continue reading it unaffected. If gatewayed, this group could be read at bit.listserv.bee-l. -Mike ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 15 May 1993 13:44:15 CST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: SCBLS@LATECH.BITNET sub ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 17 May 1993 08:19:04 EDT Reply-To: alufml@fnma.COM Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Francois-Michel Lang Subject: Usenet Group? Creating a *moderated* newsgroup on Usenet would be one way to separate the wheat from the chaff... ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 17 May 1993 10:45:00 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: THOMAS RINDERER Subject: Re: Information on mangos? Hello - People talk about mango humy(honey) and pollination. But, I have never s een either. In all my years in teh (the) tropics I have never seen ahoneybee on mango--although I have o(looked). Sorry about the typing Cheers TR ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 18 May 1993 10:20:45 +0300 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: nokrian rivka Subject: UV transfer - polyethylene (fwd) I hope the address is correct this time. Rivka ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Sun, 2 May 1993 16:27:24 +0300 (IDT) From: nokrian rivka To: Bee-Line Subject: UV transfer - polyethylene Hey there bee-liners, I'm working on muskmelon pollination in greenhouses in Israel. These greenhouses are tunnel like - length ca. 120 m. and width 5 m. The area is in the Arava valley, extreme desert conditions, the time of year discussed is winter (jan-feb). Hives with honeybees are brought from the northern part of the country (4-5 hours drive). The greenhouses are covered with polyethylene which contains UVA, a substance which is supposed to block the UV radiation. Bees seem to be disoriented in the frame - many times bumping against the walls of polyethylene and die. Does any of you know of any effects of UVA inside polyethylene, on honeybee activity inside greenhouses? I read the articles by Spangler and Moffett, but they worked in different sized greenhouses. I'm not sure if the problem the bees have is due to the size (or width) or to the blocking of UV radiation. Any suggestions will be appreciated. Many thanks, Rivka Nokrian E-mail: rebeca@ccsg.tau.ac.il Address: Department of Botany, The G.S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel-Aviv, ISRAEL. ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 18 May 1993 14:52:02 GMT-1 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Knut Pedersen Organization: UiB Inst. for Mikrobio. & plantefys Subject: nosema controll To control Nosema we may according to L. Bailey fumigate combs with 80% acetic acid (100 ml acid pr box for one week). We have used this method sucsessfully for several years. Due to hazard in handling acetic acid, the commercial available acid is now 60%. Do any of you have experience or references of the effect of 60% acetic acid? Knut Pedersen University of Bergen Norway ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 18 May 1993 16:36:15 +0000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jean-Marie Van Dyck Subject: Re: nosema controll > Knut Pedersen > Subject: nosema controll Knut asks : > To control Nosema we may according to L. Bailey fumigate combs > with 80% acetic acid (100 ml acid pr box for one week). We have > ed this method sucsessfully for several years. Due to hazard in > handling acetic acid, the commercial available acid is now 60%. Do > any of you have experience or references of the effect of 60% > acetic acid? ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 18 May 1993 17:06:02 +0000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jean-Marie Van Dyck Subject: Re: nosema controll (continuing) reply to Knut ... I have no direct answer to this modification of the known process cleaning combs and hives contaminated by nosema ... but I have some about the binary system "acetic acid/water" (60-40). First, water will evaporate (not pure water, but a mixture of water (97 %) and acid (3 %)) until all the water is lost. Then the acid will evaporate as a pure product. Thus, it seems to me to use more mixture (150 ml) for a longer time (2 weeks? in closed room, water will get out very slowly). Regards JMVD ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jean-Marie Van Dyck Fax +32 81 72 42 72 B.P. 102 email : jmvandyck@cc.fundp.ac.be B-5000 NAMUR(Belgium) Medical school - Biochemistry dept ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 18 May 1993 19:50:21 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: dak@HOLLY.HO.ATT.COM Subject: novice's questions Hello, I am a first-time beekeeper this spring. I installed my bees three weeks ago. I did my first full frame inspection this weekend. They had built comb over both faces of five frames. I saw empty comb, comb with nectar or honey in them, comb with a lumpy yellow mess in them that I assume was pollen, and then two types of capped comb. Question 1. What I don't know is how to tell capped brood from capped honey. I think the brood is darker and more evenly capped where the honey has a lighter colored cap and has a rougher surface. Whats the visual difference? Question 2. In what I think are the capped brood there are some randomly placed cells that have caps that are bubble shaped. They don't look like queen cells, just bubbles. They are about a quarter of an inch higher and very well rounded. What's in there? Thanks for the help, darren kall ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 18 May 1993 17:42:00 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jane Beckman Subject: "bubble" cells The domed cells are drone cells. In "freehand" comb (freefoot?) the cells are made larger. When built on the standard comb foundation, which is sized for workers, the cells are "bullet shaped" to allow for the extra bulk of the drone. Any domed cell is NOT honey. Your honey cells will have a translucent quality to the cap, and you should get a shadow of the honey inside. The brood cell caps are opaque looking. In general, honey will be placed at the top of the brood frame, with brood below it. I have seen pollen cells placed more-or-less randomly, on the outside edges of the comb. Brood usually follows a semi-circular pattern on the comb, as the queen will begin laying near the center and move outward and around the comb. Most of the brood cells on the center of a comb will be sealed at more-or-less the same time, if you have a good queen. Jane Beckman [jane@swdc.stratus.com] ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 18 May 1993 19:16:36 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Ike Norton 18-May-1993 2216 Subject: Re: novice's questions Darren, 1. Darker cells with smoother caps are the honey. Obviously some honeys are lighter than others. I have seen honey that was almost white and the cells looked white. It was from Dingle in Ireland. 2. Those bubble caps are Drone bees. They are sometimes comared to Bullets. best of luck with your wonderful new pets. Ike, a software person who has tended bees for ten years ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 18 May 1993 23:12:56 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Paul Chi-Jen Cheng Subject: Re: novice's questions > Ike Norton 18-May-1993 2216 writes: > 2. Those bubble caps are Drone bees. They are sometimes comared > to Bullets. > Just wondering...what is the likelihood that a queen will deposit a worker egg into a drone cell? And if she does, will the hive police cannibalize it? I've never seen a worker develop in our drone frames, but that does not necessarily mean the queen always lays unfertilized eggs into them. On a side note...has anyone also noticed that if you place an empty frame (no foundation) into an A. mellifera hive, the workers produce drone cells? Our visiting scholar from China in our laboratory states that A. cerana workers build worker cells. Anyone know why the difference? Paul --- Paul C. Cheng (pccheng@ucdavis.edu) "The French find my music Department of Entomology, UC Davis beyond their powers of per- (916) 752-0333 formance." L. van Beethoven &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Droles de gens que ces gens-la! &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 19 May 1993 11:46:00 GMT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Guy M Poppy Subject: smart chips Dear all, As a new worker in the field of bee research, I need to ask for help. A colleague of mine (in the pheromone world) has heard that workers have implanted smart chips into the brains of bees in order to look at central nervous system handling time - As we are interested in bee conditioning and have looked at the peripheral reception, this technique could be very useful to us. I am sorry about this vague information but he got the info off someone who saw it on telly!! Can anyone point us in the right direction. Guy Poppy ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 19 May 1993 14:27:37 +0000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jean-Marie Van Dyck Subject: drone combs Paul C. Cheng (pccheng@ucdavis.edu) answers ... > On a side note...has anyone also noticed that if you place an empty frame > (no foundation) into an A. mellifera hive, the workers produce drone > cells? Our visiting scholar from China in our laboratory states that > A. cerana workers build worker cells. Anyone know why the difference? If you place an empty frame, the workers produce drone cells only if there is not room enought to the drone eggs legging (more or less 5 % of the nest surface). And if you don't place empty frame, they change some part of the nest into drone cells. You must not generalize : we have confirmation in our hives with an "indicator frame". It is an idea from a German, Paschke, which the daughter published in a book : the "indicator-frame". In two words : it is a small frame placed in the back wall of the hive, perpendicularly to the other frames, as in a window, closed with a glass and well isolated from the cold (actually we put a 4 cm extruded polystyrene or polyurethane - important !). Since the gooseberry-bush blooming to the end of the swarm time, this frame is placed each week with only a 2 cm foundation on the top. The next week is is removed and a new one is placed. 1/ you could at any moment see and observe your bees making the comb and often the queen and her attendants visiting the cells and eggs laying. 2/ with a little practice (the books help you + or - !) the observations at this frame give you "a lot of indications" (his name) about your bees colony, in the absolute and by comparison with the neighbouring hives : mainly about swarming. It is really a "tool" you may use without open the hive and disturb your bees colony. Remember : to separate two combs is to cut alive. Now, about drone cells ! Generally, this frame is produced into drone cells and the queen lays there only drone eggs. You can see : she controls the cell size and after, she lays egg. But, if there is drone comb enough in the hive (f.e: if, to keep a lot of drones for our mating, we put a drone frame into the hive) then the indicator-frame is produced only into workers cells - you may verify that, usually, the cells so produced are smaller than the cells of the foundations you are buying in the store. I have a lot of observations of this kind, with measurement of combs surface. After the swarming time, the comb are always produced in worker cells and rapidly, if the honey flow decrease, the indicator-frame is no more build. N.B. reciprocally, if the comb is produced in worker cells, the swarm time is finished for this colony. Thus, the workers of A. mellifera produce drone cells until they "consider" that there is enough drone combs in their hive ! It is another signal the bee can mesure and take care with + or - of sensibility. Regards JMVD Local blooming informations ... Lat. : 4¨ 56'E - Long : 50¨ 30'N - Alt : 200 m - North sea : 200 km The may hawthorn (crataegus oxyacantha L.) is blooming its last blossoms ... it's generally the last blooming for the spring honey crop in our country ! Locally the false acacia (robinia pseudacacia L.) is fully blooming : a lot of flowers but, strangly, this year, a few of honey bees ! ? (climatic conditions ?) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jean-Marie Van Dyck Fax +32 81 72 42 72 B.P. 102 email : jmvandyck@cc.fundp.ac.be B-5000 NAMUR(Belgium) Medical school - Biochemistry dept ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 19 May 1993 14:38:52 +0000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jean-Marie Van Dyck Subject: drone combs As a complement to the "indicator-frame" here is the references of the cited book : The inventor is Dr Julius Paschke The book : "Der Neue Baurahmenimker" by Maria E. Paschke (1952) French edition : "Le cadre-temoin", J.Mosbeux, Bruxelles, ed. (1973) I don't know if an english edition was published. Regards. Jean-Marie. ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 19 May 1993 09:00:35 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Ray Lackey Organization: Hazeltine Corp Subject: Re: novice's questions > > On a side note...has anyone also noticed that if you place an empty frame > (no foundation) into an A. mellifera hive, the workers produce drone > cells? Our visiting scholar from China in our laboratory states that > A. cerana workers build worker cells. Anyone know why the difference? > > Paul > > --- > > Paul C. Cheng (pccheng@ucdavis.edu) "The French find my music Well Paul, I can't quote the exact references but Steve Tabor was one who did some work with this. He found that true initially but they quickly changed to worker cells. He thought they achieve some chemical balance with a minimum number of drones in the hive. I think it was a Cornell grad student who opened and measured a bunch of wild colonies and found drone cells at the top of many comb sections. I have found that hived swarms without foundation make mostly worker cells with a few drone sections interspersed. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + Raymond J. Lackey + + Beekeeper 10 years with 25 colonies on Long Island + + INTERNET: lackeyr@drone.hazeltine.com + + Mail: 1260 Walnut Avenue, Bohemia NY 11617 + + Home Phone: 516-567-1936 FAX: 516-262-8053 + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 19 May 1993 09:40:06 PST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Dave Pehling Organization: WSU CAHE USER Subject: Re: novice's questions In-Reply-To: Message of Tue, 18 May 1993 23:12:56 PDT from RE: Drone cells I have definitly noticed the inclination of an ESTABLISHED hive to draw drone comb wherever there is empty space. Apparently, a hive "likes" lots of males available if there are adequate stores, workers, etc. However, I'll bet if you dumped a swarm in a body of empty frames, you'd get mostly worker cells. Dave Pehling, WSU Coop. Extension CE6431@WSUVM1.CSC.WSU.EDU ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 20 May 1993 05:05:50 -0400 Reply-To: MunnPA@cardiff.ac.uk Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Dr Pamela Munn Subject: smart chips In reply to the query about smart chips - was the TV programme 'Tomorrows World' (in UK)? If so, the work they were quoting at Cardiff was done by Peter Wall (no longer there) and Rob Pickard at University of Wales College Cardiff, PABIO Dept. The 'bees in space' stuff is being done by David Barrow (at same address). Pam Munn _____________________________________________________________________________ | E-mail : MunnPA@Cardiff.AC.UK | Mail: IBRA, | | Phone : +44 222 372409 | 18, North Road, | | Fax : +44 222 665522 | Cardiff, | |---------------------------------------| South Glamorgan | | Please state if the message is for | CF1 3DY | | someone else within IBRA | United Kingdom | |_______________________________________|___________________________________| ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 20 May 1993 10:55:29 +0100 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: malcolm roe Subject: USENET again and traffic on this list. It seems clear that, when USENET was discussed recently, the consensus was that we did not want BEE-L to become a USENET group. What was not discussed was the increase in traffic in this mailing list recently. Look at the increase in size of the archive files for this year so far:- * Archives for list BEE-L (Discussion of Bee Biology) * rec * filename filetype GET PUT -fm lrecl nrecs * -------- -------- --- --- --- ----- ----- BEE-L LOG9301 PRV OWN V 80 1308 BEE-L LOG9302 PRV OWN V 80 2530 BEE-L LOG9303 PRV OWN V 80 3495 BEE-L LOG9304 PRV OWN V 81 6825 BEE-L LOG9305 PRV OWN V 92 2366 LOG9304 (April's archives) is so large that the list server will not even let me have a copy. Its size exceeds my daily quota of 256Kb. LOG9305 is not so big but the month is not over yet! It won't be long before the traffic on this list becomes unmanageable. As it is, I will have to unsubscribe if I am going to be out of the office for more than about a week otherwise my mailbox will be liable to overflow. Perhaps things will quieten down again but I think something must be changed. What do other people think? -- Malcolm Roe Phone : +44 442 230000 ext 4104 Crosfield Electronics Ltd Fax : +44 442 232301 Hemel Hempstead, Herts. HP2 7RH, UK E-mail : roe@crosfield.co.uk ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 20 May 1993 13:23:27 +0300 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Andreas Kasenides Subject: Fluvalinate vs varroa Hi everybody. I am relatively new to treating varroa and I need somebody's experienced comments on the concentrations of fluvalinate based drugs used in treating varroa. What we have here (CYPRUS) is a drug called MAVRIK which if I am not wrong indicates that it is 240gr/liter concentration. I was a bit sceptical in using MAVRIK since on the label it said nothing about treating varroa and it only gave concentrations for other (agricultural) uses. On our first attempt in using MAVRIK we were alarmed because about a week-ten days after applying the drug we noticed several dead bees right on the entrance. They seemed to be young bees that were somehow deformed (wings were not of the right shape). Could MAVRIK cause this problem. Is it anyting we need to be alarmed? Note that these are brand new colonies from the same "mother hive" and had no such problem before. Could someone also suggest a method of application for this drug since it comes in liquid form? Thanks Andreas Kasenides ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Andreas Kasenides | Come to Europe come to Cyprus!! | kasenid@jupiter.cca.ucy.cy | Europe's most european!! | kandreas@cyearn.bitnet |----------------------------------- | University of Cyprus | | Nicosia, Cyprus. | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 20 May 1993 13:58:52 +0100 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: malcolm roe Subject: Re: Fluvalinate vs varroa In-Reply-To: <9305201023.AA13520@mars.cca.ucy.cy> from "Andreas Kasenides" at May 20, 93 01:23:27 pm > On our first attempt in using MAVRIK we were alarmed because > about a week-ten days after applying the drug we noticed several > dead bees right on the entrance. They seemed to be young bees > that were somehow deformed (wings were not of the right shape). Is the hive heavily infected with varroa? If so, you could just be seeing one of the symptoms - deformed bees. -- Malcolm Roe Phone : +44 442 230000 ext 4104 Crosfield Electronics Ltd Fax : +44 442 232301 Hemel Hempstead, Herts. HP2 7RH, UK E-mail : roe@crosfield.co.uk ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 20 May 1993 08:54:34 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Aaron Morris Subject: Traffic on BEE-L Traffic on BEE-L has been noticable congested lately. A USENET group would have made it excessive and I for one, am glad that this group decided not to go that route. Examining the BEE-L LOG9305 (I don't have the 256Kb daily restriction - perhaps the stingy limit is at least part of the problem) shows that the majority of increase in traffic has been due to 'Beekeeper' Q&A vs Bee Biology discussion. This issue has been discussed before and it was decided that Beekeeper questions were appropriate on this list, but posters should indicate that the posting was a Beekeeper posting and not Bee Biology. This was a good solution to the problem that went the same way as the agreement that we'd all include a Signature indicating our geographic location to help others know from what part of the world advice was coming (Hi Liz! ;-) ). Personally, I think the increase in traffic mirrors the increase in activity in my hives (located in upstate New York, USA). What to do about the increase in traffic? Go with the flow! Watch those headings and read what's pertinent to YOU, and discard the rest. Aaron Morris Assistant Director, Large Systems Hobby Beekeeper, 18 Years, 6 Hives University at Albany Albany, New York ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 20 May 1993 10:19:06 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: IACGBA UNSUBSCRIBE, PLEASE. Gloria Aerni IACGBA ************************************* GLORIA AERNI IACGBA @ASUACAD ASSISTANT DIRECTOR 5-1489 ************************************* ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 24 May 1993 11:30:34 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Rick Hough Subject: BEE-L traffic & a beekeeper question Personally, I like seeing the beekeeper traffic on BEE-L, but that is no big suprise, as I am a hobby beekeeper, and not a research scientist. As I have mentioned on this list before, I think one of the big advantages of BEE-L is the "cross-pollination" between the beekeepers and the researchers. However, if the traffic level really justifies it, then maybe the list should split in two - one for the beekeepers, and one for the scientists. I suspect that the recent increase in traffic is primarily related to the season (more new beekeepers discovering things that aren't in the books!) I myself have just discovered an unusual situation in my apiary - a noticable number of wingless bees in a recently obtained nuc, with many bees dieing as they emerge. My first guess was that the deformation was due to varroa infestation, but I was unable to find any by visual inspection of drone brood...... Any thoughts, comments would be welcome! Rick Hough, a hobby beekeeper (3 years, 10 hives) Hamilton, MA, (just a bit NE of Boston) rshough@tasc.com ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 24 May 1993 13:11:46 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Ron Grimard DDP Augusta Subject: Re: BEE-L traffic & a beekeeper question Rick, quick question, where did you by your nuc? From a dealer that you have done business with before? I have seen this before on a smaller scale though. I treated my hive as if it had foul-brood. EXcept for the burning part. Ron Grimard ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 24 May 1993 10:20:57 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Dick Rawson Subject: Bees native to California Saturday I noticed one tiny insect acting rather like a bee, but it sure was tiny! Can someone tell me what it is, more or less approximately? I can only describe it approximately! It seemed to be less than 1/8 (maybe under 1/16?) inch long, and I didn't have a magnifying glass handy, so I couldn't see much detail. It was visiting flowers of a Phacelia Bolanderi plant. It would land on a stamen (!), and crawl around gathering pollen onto its legs. It must have been doing this a while already, as it had collected quite a bit on its legs. It seemed to gather most of the available pollen from its stamen, too. Then it would take flight and dither around 2 or 3 inches from the blossoms, and land on another flower stamen. It departed after several minutes (I wasn't counting); I kept checking but didn't note another one. Dick ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 24 May 1993 16:12:23 EST Reply-To: John.E.Burns.3@nd.edu Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "John E. Burns" Subject: ultra-violet reflecting paint I am trying to figure out where I could get some UV-reflecting paint. Can anyone help me? The type of paint that could be used to paint artificial flowers. Thank you. John Burns =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= John E. Burns Graduate Student, Dept. Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556 Phone: (219) 631-4164 FAX: (219) 631-7413 Dept. Office: (219) 631-7186 =-=-=-==-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 25 May 1993 00:28:14 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: BOB MINCKLEY Subject: Re: Bees native to California > Saturday I noticed one tiny insect acting rather like a bee, but it sure > was tiny! Can someone tell me what it is, more or less approximately? > I can only describe it approximately! > > It seemed to be less than 1/8 (maybe under 1/16?) inch long, and I > didn't have a magnifying glass handy, so I couldn't see much detail. > It was visiting flowers of a Phacelia Bolanderi plant. It would land > on a stamen (!), and crawl around gathering pollen onto its legs. It > must have been doing this a while already, as it had collected quite a > bit on its legs. It seemed to gather most of the available pollen from > its stamen, too. Then it would take flight and dither around 2 or 3 > inches from the blossoms, and land on another flower stamen. It > departed after several minutes (I wasn't counting); I kept checking but > didn't note another one. Well, there are in fact several hundred bees that size native to California, in several different families...BUT: the bees one tends to find on Phacelia are very often specialized for that plant - it is, to bee collectors like myself, one of the *best* plants to collect at, as many of the bees are rare endemics and such. There is a very high probability that the bee in question was an Andrenid bee in the genus Perdita, one of the most diverse bee genera in the world, all of them specialists to various degrees. If you see any more like it, catch a few (they don't sting at all - if they're Perdita, that is - if they're metallic green then they're more likely another family entirely). I could identify it for you, also Dr. Terry Griswold at the USDA/ARS Bee Lab in Logan, Utah might be interested. It could easily be something rare (and probably highly endangered, though attempting to prove that to anyone is 99% impossible - one of those cases where it's abundant in part of the range of its host plant, and if the habitat is destroyed, the bee goes extinct). It happens all the time, but we probably won't know until *well* after the fact in most cases. -------(please include "DY" in subj header of mail to this user)-------- Doug "Speaker-To-Insects" Yanega "UT!" Bitnet: KUENTO@UKANVAX My card: 0 The Fool (Snow Museum, Univ. of KS, Lawrence, KS 66045) "Ev-ry-bo-dy loves the Michigan RAAAAaaaaag!" - The Singing Frog ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 25 May 1993 09:02:59 +0300 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: eisikovitz Subject: Re: ultra-violet reflecting paint In-Reply-To: <9305242056.AA23249@ccsg.tau.ac.il> Dear John Every paint that includ lead ( and many are) will reflect U.V. Good luck Dan Eisikowitch On Mon, 24 May 1993, John E. Burns wrote: > I am trying to figure out where I could get some UV-reflecting paint. Can > anyone help me? The type of paint that could be used to paint artificial > flowers. Thank you. > John Burns > =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= > John E. Burns > Graduate Student, Dept. Biological Sciences > University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556 > Phone: (219) 631-4164 FAX: (219) 631-7413 Dept. Office: (219) 631-7186 > =-=-=-==-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 25 May 1993 09:29:29 +0100 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "W. Kirk" Subject: UV-paint All commercial paints I have tested do not give any significant UV reflection. Paints sold as "lead paint" because they are supposed to be tougher than ordinary paint clearly contain a very small amount of lead! The amount is a trade secret it seems. To get a UV-reflecting paint, you can try to get one made up with lead carbonate to give white + UV. Some people have tried to add UV to other colours by mixing in lead carbonate but this makes the colour very pale. Commercial white paint is titanium dioxide (white without UV). Yellow or blue with UV will be rather difficult. Glass filters over lamps can give colours with UV. See my paper in Ecological Entomology (1984) 9, 35-41 for reflectance spectra of some paints and the resulting catches. Don't trust UV reflectance unless you measure it yourself!! William Kirk, Keele University, U.K. ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 25 May 1993 08:31:03 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Dick Rawson Subject: Re: Bees native to California "DY"? Thanks for your reply about my Perdita or whatever. Gee, I wonder how that genus name came about ... is it supposed to suggest "lost" (where did that little bugger go?!) or "damned", ... or none of the above! I have a honey bee hive, since a swarm moved into our yard spring last year. I was only vaguely aware that there were native "bees", as distinct from bumble bees and the various wasps. Thanks for the names; I'll see if I can look up anything about them. I don't feel like collecting any when I'm seeing so few; they're welcome to my Phacelia pollen. If they like P. crenulata, I hope they find my neighbor about 200 ft NNE, who has a big patch; my P. Bolanderi is only one plant in a tub. By the way, what's with the line in your sig, -------(please include "DY" in subj header of mail to this user)--------? Regards, Dick ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 25 May 1993 09:07:00 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Kerry Clark 784-2225 fax (604) 784 2299" Subject: Re: wingless bees Rick Wing "inflation" is one of the last acts before emergence. I think when the nuc was prepared, the capped brood was distributed over an area greater than the adult bees could keep warm. Some of the nearly emerged bees may have died of chilling, others were affected enough to prevent their wings from becoming inflated. I've seen the same thing with queens when they emerge from a cell separated from a little cluster. As long as the nuc is otherwise healthy, the dying bees don't signify any long term problem. As you mentioned, Varroa can also affect wing formation. I have heard this results from the mite feeding at the site of the developing wing tissue. Kerry Clark, Apiculture Specialist B.C. Ministry of Agriculture 1201 103 Ave Dawson Creek B.C. V1G 4J2 CANADA Tel (604) 784-2225 fax (604) 784-2299 INTERNET KCLARK@GALAXY.GOV.BC.CA ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 25 May 1993 17:38:47 +0100 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: malcolm roe Subject: Re: ultra-violet reflecting paint In-Reply-To: from "eisikovitz" at May 25, 93 09:02:59 am > Every paint that includ lead ( and many are) will reflect U.V. Good luck > Dan Eisikowitch > > On Mon, 24 May 1993, John E. Burns wrote: > > > I am trying to figure out where I could get some UV-reflecting paint. Can > > anyone help me? The type of paint that could be used to paint artificial > > flowers. Thank you. I may be wrong but I would be suprised if lead paints were good UV reflectors. The 2nd edition of Color Science by Wyszecki and Stiles has a number of spectral reflectance curves for building materials including enamel paints. By enamel I assume that they mean alkyd resin paints. All 12 samples, covering a wide range of colours, exhibit very poor reflectance below 400nm, no better than black paint in the visible range (i.e. <0.05). On the other hand, certain sheet metals, particularly aluminium, are quite good UV reflectors (0.3 to 0.4). Perhaps you could make your artificial flowers out of aluminium and paint only those parts that you want to be dark in the UV. -- Malcolm Roe Phone : +44 442 230000 ext 4104 Crosfield Electronics Ltd Fax : +44 442 232301 Hemel Hempstead, Herts. HP2 7RH, UK E-mail : roe@crosfield.co.uk ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 25 May 1993 11:52:11 CDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Sydney A. Cameron" Subject: Grad Students in Systematics Jim Whitfield of the Department of Entomology and Sydney Cameron in the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville are seeking highly qualified graduate students interested in Systematics and Evolutionary Biology to work in their laboratory on projects associated with research in systematics and behavior of Hymenoptera. Currently, funds are available for full support (tuition and stipend). The following is a list of some of the projects going on in our laboratory. 1. Systematics of braconid wasps 2. PolyDNA virus-braconid wasp coevolution 3. Molecular phylogenetics of bees, focus on highly social bees: stingless bees, bumble bees, honey bees 4. Ecological and behavioral correlates of social evolution in tropical Bombus (bumble bees), fieldwork in Brasil and Argentina 5. Molecular genetics of tropical Bombus , emphasis on studies of mating system, population structure, mode of reproduction, and colony-level behavior (division of labor, defense, dominance) Motivated students with excellent academic records are encouraged to apply for the Ph.D. program. Please include a c.v., transcripts (xerox of official copies ok), statement of research interests and goals, and the names, addresses, and phone nos. of at least 3 references. All interested students write to James B. Whitfield and Sydney A. Cameron, Department of Entomology, Agriculture Bldg. 321, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701. Phone: 501-575-2482 or 575-5349 FAX 501-575-2452 or 575-4010 Internet: SCAMERON@UAFSYSB.UARK.EDU or JWHITFIE@UAFSYSB.UARK.EDU ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 26 May 1993 09:22:00 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Kerry Clark 784-2225 fax (604) 784 2299" Subject: Re: UV paint There is a clear watery ink used (absorbent pad and rubber stamp) to make a mark on the back of someone's hand to indicate "paid" admission at the swimming pool. It's quite waterproof and hopefully non-toxic. It has no visible colour under daylight or normal light, but shows up brilliantly under near UV. Perhaps it could be added to a compatible solvent paint of any colour, to add UV reflectance. good luck ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 27 May 1993 10:37:07 +0100 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: malcolm roe Subject: Re: UV paint In-Reply-To: <01GYMKXOTNQ2A0UET0@mr.gov.bc.ca> from "Kerry Clark 784-2225 fax" at May 26, 93 09:22:00 am > There is a clear watery ink used (absorbent pad and rubber stamp) to make > a mark on the back of someone's hand to indicate "paid" admission at the > swimming pool. > It's quite waterproof and hopefully non-toxic. It has no visible colour under > daylight or normal light, but shows up brilliantly under near UV. Perhaps it > could be added to a compatible solvent paint of any colour, to add UV > reflectance. You are confusing fluorescence with UV reflectance. What is wanted is paint that will reflect UV, rather than emit visible light when illuminated with UV. -- Malcolm Roe Phone : +44 442 230000 ext 4104 Crosfield Electronics Ltd Fax : +44 442 232301 Hemel Hempstead, Herts. HP2 7RH, UK E-mail : roe@crosfield.co.uk ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 27 May 1993 16:11:48 +0000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jean-Marie Van Dyck Subject: Re: Fluvalinate vs varroa Andreas say : > I am relatively new to treating varroa and I need somebody's experienced > comments on the concentrations of fluvalinate based drugs used in treating > varroa. > > What we have here (CYPRUS) is a drug called MAVRIK which if I am not wrong > indicates that it is 240gr/liter concentration. I was a bit sceptical in > using MAVRIK since on the label it said nothing about treating varroa and it > only gave concentrations for other (agricultural) uses. Fluvalinate (merck index 10th ed. no 4107; 11th ed. no 4137) : synthetic pyrethroid pesticide. Yellow-amber liquid. Vapor pressure : very low. Solub. in water : 2 ppb ... ! Thus : volatility very low, insoluble in water (and in honey) but soluble in the wax ! Used against varroa as plastic insert which contains 10 % of pure fluvalinate : trade mark APISTAN (Sandoz-Zoecon). The drug ooze slowly out of the plastic (very small cracks visible with electron microscope) and the bees are spreading it over the whole hive. The other fluvalinate mixtures (Klartan, Mavrik, ZR-3210) contain compounds which allow solubilization of the drug in the water and thus in the honey ... The use of these drugs is prohibited in beekeeping. N.B. to Andreas : I transmit your request to the Sandoz co which will answer directly your questions Regards Jean-Marie ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jean-Marie Van Dyck Fax +32 81 72 42 72 B.P. 102 email : jmvandyck@cc.fundp.ac.be B-5000 NAMUR(Belgium) Medical school - Biochemistry dept ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 27 May 1993 22:48:07 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Paul Chi-Jen Cheng Subject: propolis and cancer, viruses, etc. Hello, I am writing a paper for a class regarding the medicinal properties of propolis. Some of the research (published in respected scientific journals) seem very exciting and promising. Frenkel, K., et al (1993) Cancer Research 53(6): 1255-61 Describes how caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a potent chemopreventive agent due to its inflammatory and antioxidative properties. Guarini, L., et al. (1992) Cellular and Molecular Biology 38(5): 513-27. CAPE has toxicity toward oncogene-transformed cell lines. Also, in a dose-dependent fashion, human melanoma cells (HO-1) and human glioblastoma multiforme cells (GBM-18) were inhibited from growing by CAPE. Other articles describe how ethanolic extracts of propolis (consisting mostly of flavonoids) had an anti-virus and anti-oxidative properties, and how aqueous extracts had anti-bacterial properties. So, what is the opinion of the list? This appears to be a successful scientific follow-up to a folk remedy, and since I am interested in bees and medicine, I hope these discoveries have a bright future. Paul -- Paul C. Cheng (pccheng@ucdavis.edu) (no e-mail address as of yet) Bee Biology, U.C. Davis Northwestern University Medical School Lab phone no.: (916) 752-0333 Class of 2000 ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 28 May 1993 13:29:26 +0100 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: malcolm roe Subject: Re: propolis and cancer, viruses, etc. In-Reply-To: <9305280548.AA07067@dale.ucdavis.edu> from "Paul Chi-Jen Cheng" at May 27, 93 10:48:07 pm Regarding medicinal properties of propolis. Both honey and propolis feature in folk remedies. I can understand why honey has antibiotic properties. The hive's food supplies must be preserved from decay. But why should propolis have properties of this sort? What survival advantage does it give to the bees? -- Malcolm Roe Phone : +44 442 230000 ext 4104 Crosfield Electronics Ltd Fax : +44 442 232301 Hemel Hempstead, Herts. HP2 7RH, UK E-mail : roe@crosfield.co.uk ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 28 May 1993 15:00:00 GMT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Guy M Poppy Subject: bumblebees Hi, I am interested in doing some pollination/pheromone work with bumblebees. Does anyone have tips or sources of information concerning their rearing. We would like to set up a small scale rearing programme for our research purposes. Guy Poppy, Dept Entomology, Rothamsted Experimental station, Harpenden, Herts ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 28 May 1993 17:41:16 +0000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jean-Marie Van Dyck Subject: Re: bumblebees Salut Guy ! It seems to me you could have all you need by Mrs (or Miss?) Williams in your Station ? Or by her friend Mrs Corbet at Cambridge There is a lot of "secrets" in bumblebees rearing (business?). Good Luck. Regards. Jean-Marie ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 28 May 1993 11:47:22 EST Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Tom Fisher Subject: Yellow-Jackets In-Reply-To: <9305281600.AA28526@fieldofdreams.npirs.purdue.edu>; from "Jean-Marie Van Dyck" at May 28, 93 5:41 pm Sorry if this is not the appropriate place to ask, but inquiring minds want to know.... This morning on NBC, they showed some footage (from Florida, I believe) of a 12 ft high Yellow-Jacket hive that a fellow had recently discovered. They news people were really "hyping" this as a rare find. The hive appeared to be built on the ground and, with a person standing nearby for reference (and assuming the person was not a pygmy), it did look to be as high as claimed. My question is, is this really that rare? Tom Fisher | "The light that burns twice as bright Purdue University | burns half as long...and you have tfisher@ceris.purdue.edu | burned so very, very brightly, Roy." - Eldon Tyrell ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 28 May 1993 15:02:36 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Bee-L David Kesler Subject: Re: propolis and cancer, viruses, etc. Try living in a dark, damp, and warm place. I can understand the advantage relative to fungi. Perhaps the trees from which the propolis comes are protecting themselves! ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 28 May 1993 15:13:14 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: DOUG 'SPEAKER-TO-INSECTS' YANEGA Subject: Re: propolis and cancer, viruses, etc. > Regarding medicinal properties of propolis. > > Both honey and propolis feature in folk remedies. I can understand > why honey has antibiotic properties. The hive's food supplies must > be preserved from decay. But why should propolis have properties of > this sort? What survival advantage does it give to the bees? > > -- > Malcolm Roe Phone : +44 442 230000 ext 4104 > Crosfield Electronics Ltd Fax : +44 442 232301 > Hemel Hempstead, Herts. HP2 7RH, UK E-mail : roe@crosfield.co.uk Two points: (1) the bees do not *produce* propolis, they gather it - and plant resins are, not surprisingly, full of all sorts of wonderful compounds with biologically useful properties. If some of them are anti-fungal, that would indeed be useful to bees. Stingless bees, for example, use a great deal of propolis in their nest construction, and often have constant problems with fungus - as it is, the only thing that keeps a lot of bee nests from being overgrown with fungus is the beneficial action of fungivorous mites that live in bee nests.(2) If you're interested in the medicinal properties of propolis, then figure out what plants the bees are getting it from and look at the plants. A lot simpler that way. In fact, it's almost inconceivable that all forms of propolis are alike, given that the species of plants being used will vary among habitats *and* according to the preferences of individual bee species. Bee *wax* would be different, but I haven't heard of any medicinal properties. -------(please include "DY" in subj header of mail to this user)-------- Doug "Speaker-To-Insects" Yanega "UT!" Bitnet: KUENTO@UKANVAX My card: 0 The Fool (Snow Museum, Univ. of KS, Lawrence, KS 66045) "Ev-ry-bo-dy loves the Michigan RAAAAaaaaag!" - The Singing Frog ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 28 May 1993 15:20:01 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: DOUG 'SPEAKER-TO-INSECTS' YANEGA Subject: Re: bumblebees > There is a lot of "secrets" in bumblebees rearing (business?). > Good Luck. Regards. Jean-Marie Gee, am I the only person who finds that restricting the exchange of biological information due to profit-making considerations is just a *bit* disheartening? What's next? Patents on rearing techniques? Royalties when people use a bee that you've conducted research on for pollination? Doesn't seem much like science any more when the primary hypothesis being tested is how much profit one can achieve. :-( -------(please include "DY" in subj header of mail to this user)-------- Doug "Speaker-To-Insects" Yanega "UT!" Bitnet: KUENTO@UKANVAX My card: 0 The Fool (Snow Museum, Univ. of KS, Lawrence, KS 66045) "Ev-ry-bo-dy loves the Michigan RAAAAaaaaag!" - The Singing Frog ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 28 May 1993 23:09:18 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "La Reine de la Cite' des Phoques (Liz Day)" Subject: rare yellow jacket nests Was it real at all? I don't trust the news. Liz Day University of Illinois at Chicago day@eecs.uic.edu ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 29 May 1993 12:28:00 +0000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jean-Marie Van Dyck Subject: Re: propolis and cancer, viruses, etc. Reply to: Paul Chi-Jen Cheng 27 May 1993 22:48:07 -0700 > I am writing a paper for a class regarding the medicinal properties of > propolis. Some of the research (published in respected scientific journals) > seem very exciting and promising. > > Frenkel, K., et al (1993) Cancer Research 53(6): 1255-61 > Describes how caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a potent > chemopreventive agent due to its inflammatory and antioxidative > properties. > > Guarini, L., et al. (1992) Cellular and Molecular Biology 38(5): 513-27. > CAPE has toxicity toward oncogene-transformed cell lines. > Also, in a dose-dependent fashion, human melanoma cells (HO-1) and > human glioblastoma multiforme cells (GBM-18) were inhibited from > growing by CAPE. > > Other articles describe how ethanolic extracts of propolis (consisting > mostly of flavonoids) had an anti-virus and anti-oxidative properties, and > how aqueous extracts had anti-bacterial properties. > > So, what is the opinion of the list? This appears to be a successful > scientific follow-up to a folk remedy, and since I am interested in bees > and medicine, I hope these discoveries have a bright future. and Malcolm asks ... > Both honey and propolis feature in folk remedies. I can understand > why honey has antibiotic properties. The hive's food supplies must > be preserved from decay. But why should propolis have properties of > this sort? What survival advantage does it give to the bees? It seems to me a fundamental necessity to the primitive honey bees when they begun to live into perennial colonies to develop a protective system against some microbiologic aggressions in wet and hot medium. Apparently the sole survivors are using propolis ; it's not a proof, only an idea. You may imagine the "first" forager which was coming back with this sweet smelling compound ? ! Perhaps this perfume of the propolis was for anythings. On the other hand, the researchers dont like to work onto a drug so complex as the whole propolis (some 149 compounds [Walker P. & Crane E., Apidologie 18 (1987) p327-334, 25 ref], it is a lot and the list is not closed). It's not possible to find who makes what ... ! And if you may observe some synergies, you could find also antagonist activities. We have some experience of this kind of work : many many dull and tedious works, day after day, to obtain some positive but also negative conclusions. You can see them in the work of a student of ours : Decharneux Th. et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 44 (1992) 1243-1248, 15 ref.: Effect of various flavonoids on lysosomes subjected to an oxidative or an osmotic stress. Of course, whole propolis ethanolic extract gives also a positive result. "It is not surprising with all (flavonoids) what's inside !". In this mind, it will be interesting to extract and review all the works on the flavonoids etc, those constituents of the propolis. A big work ! Regards Jean-Marie Local blooming informations ... Lat. : 4¨ 56' E - Long. : 50¨ 30' N - Alt. : 200 m - North sea : 200 km Locally the false acacia (robinia pseudacacia L.) is ending blooming. Flowers of wild white clover (trifolium rempens L.) First flowers on the first blooming linden (tilia sp.) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jean-Marie Van Dyck Fax +32 81 72 42 72 B.P. 102 email : jmvandyck@cc.fundp.ac.be B-5000 NAMUR(Belgium) Medical school - Biochemistry dept ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 29 May 1993 07:56:00 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Adrian Wenner Subject: Re: rare yellow jacket nests In-Reply-To: <9305290419.AA02606@lifesci.lscf.ucsb.edu>; from "La Reine de la Cite' des Phoques" at May 28, 93 11:09 pm 0745 / 29 May 1993 Re: That standing yellow jacket nest. I don't believe it either, or at least until I could see a photograph. Some yellow jacket species build nests in the ground (downward). Other species build aerial nests from branches or structures (again downward). Adrian M. Wenner Prof. of Natural History, Emeritus Dept. of Biol. Sciences wenner@lifesci.ucsb.edu Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara Phone: (805) 893-2838 Santa Barbara, CA 93106 FAX: (805) 893-8062 > > Was it real at all? I don't trust the news. > > Liz Day > > University of Illinois at Chicago > day@eecs.uic.edu >