Appendix 1 37 CFR 1.84. Standards for Drawings 37 CFR 1.84. Standards for drawings. (a) DRAWINGS. There are two acceptable categories for presenting drawings in utility patent applications: (1) BLACK INK. Black and white drawings are normally required. India ink, or its equivalent that secures black solid lines, must be used for drawings, or (2) COLOR. On rare occasion, color drawings may be necessary as the only practical medium by which to disclose the subject matter sought to be patented in a utility patent application or the subject matter of a statutory invention registration. The Patent and Trademark Office will accept color drawings in utility patent applications and statutory invention registrations only after granting a petition filed under this paragraph explaining why the color drawings are necessary. Any such petition must include the following: (i) The appropriate fee set forth in section 1.17(h); (ii) Three (3) sets of color drawings; and (iii) The specification must contain the following language as the first paragragh in that portion of the specification relating to tl1e brief description of the drawing: "The file of this pntent contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Patent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. If the language is not in the specification, a proposed amendment to insert the language must accompany the petition. (b) PHOTOGRAPHS. (1) BLACK AND WHITE. Photographs are not ordinarily permitted in utility and design patent applications. However, the Office will accept photographs in utility and design patent applications only after granting a petition filed under this paragraph whicll requests that photographs be accepted. Any such petition must include tlle following: (i) The appropriate fee set forth in section 1.17(h); and (ii) Three (3) sets of photographs. Photographs must either be developed on double weight photographic paper or be permanently moullted on bristol board. The photographs must be of suffcient quality so that all details in the drawing are reproducible in the printed patent. (2) COLOR. Color photographs will be accepted in utility patent applications if the conditions for accepting color drawings have been satisfied. See paragraph (a)(2) of this section. (c) IDENTIFICATION OF DRAWINGS. Identifying indicia, if provided, should include the application number or the title of the invention, inventor's name, docket number (if any), and the name and telephone number of a person to call if the Office is unable to match the drawings to the proper application. This information should be placed on the back of each sheet of drawings a minimum distance of 1.5 cm. (5/8 inch) down from the top of the page. (d) GRAPHIC FORMS IN DRAWINGS. Chemical or mathematical formulae, tables, and waveforms may be submitted as drawings, and are subject to the same requirements as drawings. Each chemical or mathematical formula must be labeled as a separate figure, using brackets when necessary, to show that information is properly integrated. Each group of waveforms must be presented as a single figure, using a common vertical axis with time extending along the horizontal axis. Each individual waveform discussed in the specification must be identified with a separate letter destination adiacent to the vertical axis. (e) TYPE OF PAPER. Drawings submitted to the Office must be made upon paper which is flexible, strong, white, smooth, non-shiny, and durable. All sheets must be free from cracks, creases, and folds. Only one side of the sheet shall be used for the drawing. Each sheet must be reasonably free from erasures and must be free from alterations, over-writings, and interlineations. Photographs must either be developed on double weight photographic paper or be permanently mounted on bristol board. See paragraph (b) of this section for other requirements for photographs. (f) SIZE OF PAPER. All drawing sheets in an application must be the same size. One of the shorter sides of the sheet is regarded as its top. The size of the sheets on which drawings are made must be: (1) 21.6 cm. by 35.6 cm. (8 1/2 by 14 inches), (2) 21.6 cm. by 33.1 cm. (8 1/2 by 13 inches), (3) 21.6 cm. by 27.9 cm. (8 1/2 by 11 inches), or (4) 21.0 cm. by 29.7 cm. (DIN size A4). (g) MARGINS. The sheets must not contain frames around the sight, i.e., the usable surface. The following margins are required: (1) On 21.6 cm. by 35.6 cm. (8 1/2 by 14 inch) drawing sheets, each sheet must include a top margin of 5.1 cm. (2 inches), and bottom and side margins of .64 cm. (1/4 inch) from the edges, thereby leaving a sight no greater than 20.3 cm. by 29.8 cm. (8 by 11 3/4 inches). (2) On 21.6 cm. by 33.1 cm. (8 1/2 by 13 inch) drawing sheets, each sheet must include a top margin of 2.5 cm. (1 inch) and bottom and side margins of .64 cm. (1/4 inch) from the edges, thereby leaving a sight no greater than 20.3 cm. by 29.8 cm. (8 by 11 3/4 inches). (3) On 21.6 cm. by 27.9 cm. (8 112 by 11 inch) drawing sheets, each sheet must include a top margin of 2.5 cm. (1 inch) and bottom and side margins of .64 cm. (1/4 inch) from the edges, thereby leaving a sight no greater than 20.3 cm. by 24.8 cm. (8 by 9 3/4 inches). (4) On 21.0 cm. by 29.7 cm. (DIN size A4) drawing sheets, each sheet must include a top margin of at least 2.5 cm., a left side margin of 2.5 cm., a right side margin of 1.5 cm., and a bottom margin of 1.0 cm., thereby leaving a sight no greater than 17.0 cm. by 26.2 cm. (h) VIEWS. The drawing must contain as many views as necessary to show the invention. The views may be plan, elevation, section, or perspective views. Detail views of portions of elements, on a larger scale if necessary, may also be used. All views of the drawing must be grouped together and arranged on the sheet(s) without wasting space, preferably in an upright position, clearly separatecl from one another, and must not be included in the sheets containing the specifications, claims, or abstract. Views must not be connected by projection lines and must not contain center lines. Waveforms of electrical signals may be connected by dashed lines to show the relative timing of the waveforms. (1) EXPLODED VIEWS. Exploded views, with the separated parts embraced by a bracket, to show the relationship or order of assembly of various parts are permissible. When an exploded view is shown in a figure which is on the same sheet as another figure, the exploded view should be placed in brackets. (2) PARTIAL VIEWS. When necessary, a view of a large machine or device in its entirety may be broken into partial views on a single sheet, or extended over several sheets if there is no loss in facility of understanding the view. Partial views drawn on separate sheets must always be capable of being linked edge to edge so that no partial view contains parts of another partial view. A smaller scale view should be included showing the whole formed by the partial views and indicating the positions of the parts shown. When a portion of a view is enlarged for magnification purposes, the view and the enlarged view must each be labeled as separate views. (i) Where views on two or more sheets form, in effect, a single complete view, the views on the several sheets must be so arranged that the complete figure can be assembled without concealing any part of any of the views appearing on the various sheets. (ii) A very long view may be divided into several parts placed one above the other on a single sheet. However, the relationship between the different parts must be clear and unambiguous. (3) SECTIONAL VIEWS. The plane upon which a sectional view is taken should be indicated on the view from which the section is cut by a broken line. The ends of the broken line should be designated by Arabic or Roman numerals corresponding to the view number of the sectional view, and should have arrows to indicate the direction of sight. Hatching must be used to indicate section portions of an object, and must be made by regularly spaced oblique parallel lines spaced sufficiently apart to enable the lines to be distinguished without diff1culty. Hatching should not impede the clear reading of the reference characters and lead lines. If it is not possible to place reference characters outside the hatched area, the hatching may be broken off wherever reference characters are inserted. Hatching must be at a substantial angle to the surrounding axes or principal lines, preferably 45 degrees. A cross section must be set out and drawn to show all of the materials as they are shown in the view from which the cross section was taken. The parts in cross section must show proper material(s) by hatching with regularly spaced parallel oblique strokes, the space between strokes being chosen on the basis of the total area to be hatched. The various parts of a cross section of the same item should be hatched in the same manner and should accurately and graphically indicate the nature of the material(s) that is illustrated in cross section. The hatching ofjuxtaposed different elements must be angled in a different way. In the case of large areas, hatching may be confined to an edging drawn around the entire inside of the outline of the area to be hatched. Different types of hatching should have different conventional meanings as regards the nature of a material seen in cross section. (4) ALTERNATE POSITION. A moved position may be shown by a broken line superirnposed upon a suitable view if this can be done without crowding; otherwise, a separate view must be used for this purpose. (5) MODIFIED FORMS. Modified forms of construction must be shown in separate views. (i) ARRANGEMENT OF VIEWS. One view must not be placed upon another or within the outline of another. All views on the same sheet should stand in the same direction and, if possible, stand so that they can be read with the sheet held in an upright position. If views wider than the width of the sheet are necessary for the clearest illustration of the invention, the sheet may be turned on its side so that the top of the sheet, with the appropriate top margin to be used as the heading space, is on the right-hand side. Words must appear in a horizontal, left-to-nght fashion when the page is either upright or turned so that the top becomes the right side, except for graphs utilizing standard scientific convention to denote the axis of abscissas (of X) and the axis of ordinates (of Y). (j) VIEW FOR OFFICIAL GAZETTE. One of the views should be suitable for publication in the Official Gazette as the illustration of the mventlon. (k) SCALE. (1) The scale to which a drawing is made must be large enough to show the mechanism without crowding when the drawing is reduced in size to two-thirds in reproduction. Views of portions of the mechanism on a larger scale should be used when necessary to show details clearly. Two or more sheets may be used if one does not give sufficient room. The number of sheets should be kept to a minimum. (2) When approved by the examiner, the scale of the drawing may be graphically represented. Indications such as "actual size" or "scale 1/2" on the drawings, are not permitted, since these lose their meaning with reproduction in a different format. (3) Elements of the same view must be in proportion to each other, unless a difference in proportion is indispensable for the clarity of the view. Instead of showing elements in different proportion, a supplementary view may be added giving a larger-scale illustration of the element of the initial view. The enlarged element shown in the second view should be surrounded by a finely drawn or "dot-dash" circle in the first view indicating its location without obscuring the view. (l) CHARACTER OF LINES, NUMBERS, AND LETTERS. All drawings must be made by a process which will give them satisfactory reproduction characteristics. Every line, number, and letter must be durable, clean, black (except for color drawings), sufficiently dense and dark, and uniformly thick and well-defmed. The weight of all lines and letters must be heavy enough to permit adequate reproduction. This requirement applies to all lines however fine, to shading, and to lines representing cut surfaces in sectional views. Lines and strokes of different thicknesses may be used in the same drawing where different thicknesses have a different meaning. (m) SHADING. The use of shading in views is encouraged if it aids in understanding the invention and if it does not reduce legibility. Shading is used to indicate the surface or shape of spherical, cylindrical, and conical elements of an object. Flat parts may also be lightly shaded. Such shading is preferred in the case of parts shown in perspective, but not for cross sections. See paragraph (h)(3) of this section. Spaced lines for shading are preferred. These lines must be thin, as few in number as practicable, and they must contrast with the rest of the drawings. As a substitute for shading, heavy lines on the shade side of objects can be used except where they superimpose on each other or obscure reference characters. Light should come from the upper left corner at an angle of 45 degrees. Surface delineations should preferably be shown by proper shading. Solid black shading areas are not permitted, except when used to represent bar graphs or color. (n) SYMBOLS. Graphical drawing symbols may be used for conventional elements when appropriate. The elements for which such symbols and labeled representations are used must be adequately identified in the specification. Known devices should be illustrated by symbols which have a universally recognized conventional meaning and are generally accepted in the art. Other symbols which are not universally recognized may be used, subject to approval by the Office, if they are not likely to be confused with existing conventional symbols, and if they are readily identifiable. (o) LEGENDS. Suitable descriptive legends may be used, or may be required by the Examiner, where necessary for understanding of the drawing, subject to approval by the Off1ce. They should contain as few words as possible. (p) NUMBERS, LETTERS, AND REFERENCE CHARACTERS. (1) Reference characters (numerals are preferred), sheet numbers, and view numbers must be plain and legible, and must not be used in association with brackets or inverted commas, or enclosed within outlines, e.g., encircled. They must be oriented in the same direction as the view so as to avoid havillg to rotate the sheet. Reference characters should be arranged to follow the profile of the object depicted. (2) The English alphabet must be used for letters, except where another alphabet is customarily used, such as the Greek alphabet to indicate angles, wavelengths, and mathematical formulas. (3) Numbers, letters, and reference characters must measure at least .32 cm. (1/8 inch) in height. They should not be placed in the drawing so as to interfere with its comprehension. Therefore, they should not cross or mingle with the lines. They should not be placed upon hatched or shaded surfaces. When necessary, such as indicating a surface or cross section, a reference character may be underlined and a blank space may be left in the hatching or shading where the character occurs so that it appears distinct. (4) The same part of an invention appearing in more than one view of the drawing must always be designated by the same reference character, and the same reference character must never be used to designate different parts. (5) Reference characters not mentioned in the description shall not appear in the drawings. Reference characters mentioned in the description must appear in the drawings. (q) LEAD LINES. Lead lines are those lines between the reference characters and the details referred to. Such lines may be straight or curved and should be as short as possible. They must originate in the immediate proximity of the reference character and extend to the feature indicated. Lead lines must not cross each other. Lead lines are required for each reference character except for those which indicate the surface or cross section on which they are placed. Such a reference character must be underlined to make it clear that a lead line has not been left out by mistake. Lead lines must be executed in the same way as lines in the drawing. See paragraph (l) of this section. (r) ARROWS. Arrows may be used at the ends of lines, provided that their meaning is clear, as follows: (1) On a lead line, a freestanding arrow to indicate the entire section towards which it points; (2) On a lead line, an arrow touching a line to indicate the surface shown by the line looking along the direction of the arrow; or (3) To show the direction of movement. (s) COPYRIGHT OR MASK WORK NOTICE. A copyright or mask work notice may appear in the drawing, but must be placed within the sight of the drawing immediately below the figure representing the copyright or mask work material and be limited to letters having a print size of .32 cm. to .64 cm. (1/8 to 1/4 inches) high. The content of the notice must be limited to only those elements provided for by law. For example, "(c) 1983 John Doe" (17 U.S.C. 401) and "*M* John Doe" (17 U.S.C. 909) would be properly limited and, under current statutes, legally sufficient notices of copyright and mask work, respectively. Inclusion of a copyright or mask work notice will be permitted only if the authorization language set forth in section 1.71(e) is included at the beginning (preferably as the first paragraph) of the specification. (t) NUMBERING OF SHEETS OF DRAWINGS. The sheets of drawings should be numbered in consecutive Arabic numerals, starting with 1, within the sight as defined in paragraph (g) of this section. These numbers, if present, must be placed in the middle of the top of the sheet, but not in the margin. The numbers can be placed on the right-llalld side if the drawing extends too close to the middle of the top edge of the usable surface. The drawing sheet numbering must be clear and larger than the numbers used as reference characters to avoid confusion. The number of each sheet should be shown by two Arabic numerals placed on eitller side of an oblique line, with the first being the sheet number, and the second being the total number of sheets of drawings, with no other marking. (u) NUMBERING OF VIEWS. (1) The different views must be numbered in consecutive Arabic numerals, starting with 1, independent of the numbering of the sheets and, if possible, in the order in which they appear on the drawing sheet(s). Partial views intended to form one complete view, on one or several sheets, must be identified by the same number followed by a capital letter. View numbers must be preceded by the abbreviation "FIG." Where only a single view is used in an application to illustrate the claimed invention, it must not be numbered and the abbreviation "FIG." must not appear. (2) Numbers and letters identifying tlle views must be simple and clear and must not be used in association with brackets, circles, or inverted commas. The view numbers must be larger than the numbers used for reference characters. (v) SECURITY MARKINGS. Authorized security markings may be placed on the drawings provided they are outside the sight, preferably centered in the top margin. (w) CORRECTIONS. Any corrections on drawings submitted to the Office must be durable and permanent. (x) HOLES. The drawing sheets may be provided with two holes in the top margin. The holes should be equally spaced from the respective side edges, and their center lines should be spaced 7.0 cm. (2 3/4 inches) apart. (See section 1.152 for design drawings, section 1.165 for plant drawings, and section 1.174 for reissue drawings.) APPENDIX 2 HISTORY OF RECENT CHANGES This publication, "Guide for Preparation of Patent Drawings", is a replacement for the previous publication "Guide for Patent Draftsmen". That publication was last revised and reprinted in January of 1989. With the current emphasis for harmonization between the rules of practice between foreign patent offices and our Patent and Trademark Office, a committee was established and assigned the mission of proposing rule changes for our drawing practice that would harmonize, to the extent possible, the rules for our drawing practice with the rules for the European Patent Office (EPO) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). In February 1992, a proposed rule package regarding drawing requirements and standards was published in the Official Gazette. After comments by Patent practitioners and the public in general were received and considered, the rules were revised accordingly and published as the final rule in the Official Gazette on August 10, 1993, and became the Office's rules for drafting practice effective October 1, 1993. These rules now form the standard for the drawing practice in the Patent and Trademark Office. This Guide includes the final drawing rules, with annotations where necessary, to elaborate upon the rules. In general, the changes are of a nature that define the drawing requirements in a more results-oriented manner so that the patent will be printed with clear drawings. One result is that computer-generated drawings are now permissible, provided they are executed in a manner that permits clear reproduction and copying. This should result in more expedient processing of patent drawings. The specific changes from previous versions of 37 CFR 1.84 are discussed below in paragraphs which are lettered consecutively to correspond with paragraph letters used in section 1.84 as it now appears. (a) DRAWINGS. This paragraph has been revised so that it now classifies drawings into two categories, black ink and color. The black ink drawing requirements allow computer-generated drawings to be filed and reviewed using the same standards as applied to pen and ink drawings. Color drawing requirements have been moved from section 1.84(p) to this more identifiable location. In accordance with Office harmonization agreements, computer-generated drawings and color drawings are acceptable. Since utility patents are not printed in color, three sets of color drawings are necessary for proper distribution within the Office. Previously, 37 CFR 1.84(a) recited the requirements for permissible paper and the quality of ink used. (b) PHOTOGRAPHS. This paragraph has been rewritten so as to permit photographs as patent drawings. The requirements for black and white and color photographs are set forth separately. A petition, with the appropriate fee, requesting acceptance for photographs is required. The Office is willing to accept black and white photographs or photomicrographs (not photolithographs or other reproductions of photographs made by using screens) printed on photographic paper in lieu of ink drawings to illustrate inventions which cannot be accurately or adequately depicted by ink drawings. Examples of acceptable categories of photographs are: crystalline structures, metallurgical microstructures, textile fabrics, grain structures, and ornamental effects. The photographs or photomicrographs must show the invention more clearly than they can be shown by ink drawings and must comply with all rules concerning patent drawings. Previously 37 CFR 1.84(b) recited the requirements for the sizes of sheets used for drawings. (c) IDENTIFICATION OF DRAWINGS. This section was restructured from 37 CFR 1.84(1), and the wording has been revised to permit and encourage an applicant to provide proper identification on the reverse side of each sheet of drawings so that the Office can ascertain that drawing sheets are matched with the proper application. Applications will still be accepted by the Office if such identifying information is not present, but the Office highly recommends such identification. (d) GRAPHIC FORMS IN DRAWINGS. This paragraph includes new wording that has been added to set standards so that EPO, WIPO, and the Office standards for formulae, tables, and wave forms are more closely aligned. (e) TYPE OF PAPER. This section has been reworded from previous 37 CFR 1.84(a) to provide better definition of the requirements for proper paper, and to include mention of photographs. In regard to harmonization, it is noted that the Office takes a broader view than EPO or WIPO by accepting photographs. (f) SIZE OF PAPER. This paragraph has been reworded from 37 CFR 1.84(b) to clarify Office requirements previously set forth regarding the size of paper used for patent drawings. While the Office accepts any of four different sizes of paper, all of the sheets in any one application should be the same size. In regard to harmonization, the Office takes a broader view than either the EPO or WIPO in that the Office accepts three sizes of paper in addition to the A4 size. (g) MARGINS. Revision of a part of 37 CFR 1.84(b). This paragraph has been separated out from the paragraph that recites the permissible sizes of paper (see paragraph (f) above). The Office will accept four sizes of paper. The "sight" must be the same for two of the paper sizes. That is, for 8 1/2 by 14 and 8 1/2 by 13, the margins must leave a sight no greater than 8 by 11 3/4 inches. For paper that is 8 1/2 by 11 inches, the margins must leave a sight no greater than 8 by 9 3/4 inches. For 21.0 by 29.7 cm paper, commonly referred to as size DIN size A4, the margins must leave a sight no greater than 17.0 by 26.2 cm. (h) VIEWS. This paragraph has been revised to reformat previous 37 CFR 1.84(i) to: - present a more logical arrangement of the statement of the different types of views; - revise the standard for purposes of clarification; - include a standard for wave forms to show the relative timing; - set forth the standard for depicting hatching as regularly spaced parallel oblique strokes (this precludes use of cross-hatching strokes); and - include requirements pertaining to alternate positions. In addition, to achieve harmonization with both WIPO and EPO, both Roman and Arabic numerals are acceptable to designate the section being illustrated. (i) ARRANGEMENT OF VIEWS. This paragraph has been revised to relocate from 37 CFR 1.84(j) the requirements with regard to the arrangement of views and has been reworded to achieve better harmonization with both WIPO and EPO. One view is not to be superimposed within the outline of another. The changes expand the possibilities for presenting graphs to conform to standard scientific conventions, while using a format which is compatible with automated patent searching displays. (j) VIEW FOR OFFICIAL GAZETTE. This paragraph has been reworded and relocates the requirements of a view for the Officlal Gazette from 37 CFR 1.84(k). (k) SCALE. This paragraph has been relocated from 37 CFR 1.84(e) and the wording has been revised to indicate that the words "actual size" or "scale 1/2" on the drawings are not permitted since the meaning would be incorrect when the drawings are reduced or enlarged for reprinting. Further, the language provides that elements of the same view must be in proportion to each other, unless a difference in proportion is indispensable for the clarity of the view. As a preferred alternative to a difference in proportion within one view for the purpose of achieving the necessary clarity, a supplementary view may be added giving a larger-scale illustration of the element(s) of the initial view. In such cases it is recommended that the enlarged element(s) shown in the second view be surrounded by a finely drawn or "dot-dash" circle in the first view pinpointing its locationl without obscuring the view. (l) CHARACTER OF LINES, NUMBERS, AND LETTERS. This paragraph has been relocated from 37 CFR 1.84(c) and the wording revised to indicate that whatever method is used to make the lines of the drawings, the lines must be capable of clear reproduction. The language has been changed to indicate that it is permissible for lines and strokes of different thicknesses to be used in the same drawing where different thicknesses have different meanings, as long as the lines and their meanings are clear. (m) SHADING. This paragraph has been relocated from 37 CFR 1.84(d) to separate shading requirements from hatching requirements by stating that shading may be used to indicate the surface or shape of spherical, cylindrical, and conical elements of an object, and that spaced lines are preferred for shading purposes. Solid black areas are not permitted, except when used to represent bar graphs or color. Design patents are subject to an additional exception. See new section 1.152. (n) SYMBOLS. This paragraph has been relocated from 37 CFR 1.84(g) to separate symbol requirements from legend requirements. Known devices should be illustrated by symbols which have a universally recognized conventional meaning, and which are generally accepted in the art, provided no further detail is essential for understanding the subject matter of the claimed invention. Other symbols may be used on condition that they are not likely to be confused with existing conventional symbols and that they are readily identifiable. (o) LEGENDS. This paragraph has been relocated from 37 CFR 1.84(g) to separate legend requirements from symbol requirements. Where text matter is deemed indispensable for understanding the drawing, a minimum of words should be used. Words should not be used to describe the figure itself, such as "this is a bar graph." (p) NUMBERS, LETTERS, AND REFERENCE CHARACTERS. This paragraph has been relocated from 37 CFR 1.84(f). The wording has been revised to include numbers and letters in the heading formerly designated "reference characters." This section has been reformatted into five subsections and revised to integrate other standards from foreign patent offices to achieve harmonization, where possible. Although the Latin alphabet is used in the WIPO standard, the Office takes the view that the English alphabet is more universally acceptable for letters, except where another alphabet is customarily used, such as the Greek alphabet to indicate angles, wavelengths, and mathematical formulas. In addition, the characters used must be oriented in the same direction as the view so as to avoid having to rotate the sheet. Reference characters should be so arranged to follow the profile of the obJect depicted. (q) LEAD LINES. This paragraph has been added to incorporate the brief mention of lead lines which previously appeared in 37 CFR 1.84(f). Lead lines are those lines between the reference characters and the details referred to, and they must be executed with the same clarity as other lines in the drawing. (r) ARROWS. This paragraph has been added to incorporate the brief mention of arrows which previously appeared in 37 CFR 1.84(9). The wording has been expanded to indicate that there are three accepted meanings for arrows, - On a lead line a freestanding arrow indicates the entire section to which it points; - On a lead line an arrow touching a line of the drawing to indicate the surface of the drawing shown by the line and looking in the direction of the arrow; and - To show the direction of movement. (s) COPYRIGHT OR MASK WORK NOTICE. This paragraph has been relocated from 37 CFR 1.84(o). The Office permits copyrlght or mask work notice. (t) NUMBERING OF SHEETS OF DRAWINGS. This paragraph has been relocated from 37 CFR 1.84(n). To achieve closer harmonization with both other patent offices, the Office will now accept drawing sheets that are numbered within the "sight." The Office prefers that the sheets be numbered with two Arabic numerals placed on either side of an oblique line, with the first number being the sheet number and the second the total number of sheets of drawings. (u) NUMBERING OF VIEWS. This paragraph has been added, incorporating some of the language from previous 1.84(i). For clarity, the language has been revised so that the views will be numbered in a more consistent manner. Use of the abbreviation "FIG." must precede all view numbers except when there is only a single view. (v) SECURITY MARKINGS. This paragraph has been added to provide that security markings may be placed on the drawings, provided they are outside the sight, preferably within the top margin. (w) CORRECTIONS. This paragraph has been added and incorporates some of the language from previous 37 CFR 1.84(a). Any corrections made to drawings must be durable and permanent. Special products for corrections such as white masking fluid may be used provided they are indelible and comply with all other requirements. (x) HOLES. This paragraph has been added to permit two holes to be punched in the top margin with their center lines spaced 7.0 cm (2 3/4 inches) apart. Other sections of the rules that have been changed include: Section 1.152 has been revised: - to permit that design drawings can be submitted as black and white photographs or computer-generated drawings as a reasonable equivalent for black ink drawings; - to provide that photographs and ink drawings must not be combined in one design application; - to limit design photographs to the design claimed and not include environmental structure; - to not permit color drawings and color photographs in design patent applications; and - to indicate that solid black surface shading is inappropriate on a design drawing, but is acceptable when used to represent color contrast. Section 1.165 has been revised to refer to 37 CFR 1.84 and to incorporate the requirements of section 1.84 therein. Color drawings in plant patent applications may be made in permanent water color or oil or may be computer generated. APPENDIX 3 Symbols Graphical drawing symbols, as indicated in 37 CFR 1.84(n), may be used for the conventional elements when appropriate. The elements for which such symbols and labeled representations are used must be adequately identified in the specification. Known devices should be illustrated by symbols which have a universally recognized conventional meaning and are generally accepted in the art provided no further detail is essential for understanding the subject matter of the claimed invention. Other symbols may be used on condition that they are not likely to be confused with existing conventional symbols, and that they are readily identifiable. The publications listed below have been reviewed by the Office and the symbols therein are considered to be generally acceptable in patent drawings. They are available from the American National Standards Institute, Inc., 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. Although the Office will not "approve" all of the listed symbols as a group because their use and clarity must be decided on a case-by-case basis, these publications may be used as guides when selecting graphic symbols. Overly specific symbols should be avoided. Symbols with unclear meanings should be labeled for clarification. ANSI Y32.2-1975 Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams ANSI/IEEE Std 315A-1986 Supplement to Graphic Symbols for (Supplement to ANSI Electrical and Electronics Diagrams Y32.2-19751 ANSI/IEEE Std 315-1975) USAS Y32.10-1967 Graphic Symbols for Fluid Power Diagrams Reaffirmed 1987 ANSI/IEEE Std 91-1984 IEEE Standard Graphic Symbols for Logic (Revision of ANSI/ Functions IEEE Std 91-1973 [ANSI Y32.14-1973]) ASA Z32.2.4-1949 Graphical Symbols for Heating, Reaffirmed 1984 Ventilating, and Air Conditioning ASA Z32.2.6-195 Graphical Symbols for Heat-Power Apparatus Redesignated as Y32.2.6-1 950 Reaffirmed 1984 ASA Z32.2.3-1949 Graphical Symbols for Pipe Fittings, Reaffirmed 1953 Valves, and Piping Redesignated ANSI/ ASME Y32.2.3-1 949 (R 1988) ASA Y32.11-1961 Graphical Symbols for Process Flow Diagrams Reaffirmed 1985 The entire list of symbols is too extensive to include in this publication. Refer to The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA, for further information. Since such symbols are subject to updating and change, the specification still needs to include a complete description of the subject matter disclosed. The following symbols should be used to indicate various materials where the material is an important feature of the invention. NOTE: In general, in lieu of a symbol, a conventional element, combination or circuit may be shown by an appropriately labeled rectangle, square, or circle; abbreviations should not be used unless their meaning is evident and not confusing with the abbreviations used in the suggested symbols. In electrical symbols an arrow through an element indicates variability thereof; dotted line connection of arrows indicates ganging thereof; and inherent property (as resistance) may be indicated by showing symbol (for resistor) in dotted lines. The following symbols should be used for botanical reference: